Advice From an Energy-Efficient Architect

The most energy-efficient houses function like living things. They are designed to capitalize on the local environment and to respond to the climate. Australian architect and Pritzker Prize-Winner Glenn Murcutt is known for designing earth-friendly homes that imitate nature. Even if you live far from Australia, you can apply Glenn Murcutts ideas to your own home-building project. 1. Use Simple Materials Forget the polished marble, imported tropical wood, and costly brass and pewter. A Glenn Murcutt home is unpretentious, comfortable, and economical. He uses inexpensive materials that are readily available in his native Australian landscape. Notice, for example, Murcutts Marie Short House. The roof is corrugated metal, the window louvers are enameled steel, and the walls are timber from a nearby sawmill.   How does using local materials save energy? Think of the energy used beyond your own home—what fossil fuels were burned to get supplies to your work site? how much air was polluted to create cement or vinyl? 2. Touch the Earth Lightly Glenn Murcutt is fond of quoting the Aboriginal proverb touch the earth lightly because it expresses his concern for nature. Building in the Murcutt way means taking special measures to safeguard the surrounding landscape.   Nestled in an arid Australian forest, the Ball-Eastaway House in Glenorie, Sydney NSW, Australia hovers above the earth on steel stilts. The main structure of the building is supported by steel columns and steel I-beams. By raising the house above the earth, with no need for deep excavation, Murcutt protected the dry soil and surrounding trees.   The curved roof prevents dry leaves from settling on top. An exterior fire extinguishing system provides emergency protection from forest blazes that are so prevalent in Australia. Constructed between 1980 and 1983, the Ball-Eastaway house was built as an artists retreat. The architect thoughtfully placed the windows and meditation decks to create a sense of seclusion while still providing scenic views of the Australian landscape. The occupants become part of the landscape. 3. Follow the Sun Prized for their energy efficiency, Glenn Murcutts houses capitalize on natural light. Their shapes are unusually long and low, and they often feature verandas, skylights, adjustable louvers, and movable screens. Horizontal linearity is an enormous dimension of this country, and I want my buildings to feel part of that, Murcutt has said. Notice the linear form and expansive windows of Murcutts Magney House. Stretching across a barren, wind-swept site overlooking the ocean, the home is designed to capture the sun. 4. Listen to the Wind Even in the hot, tropical climate of Australias Northern Territory, houses by Glenn Murcutt do not need air conditioning. Ingenious systems for ventilation assure that cooling breezes circulate through open rooms. At the same time, these houses are insulated from the heat and protected from strong cyclone winds. Murcutts Marika-Alderton House is often compared to a plant because the slatted walls open and close like petals and leaves. When we get hot, we perspire, says Murcutt. Buildings should do similar things. 5. Build to the Environment Every landscape creates different needs. Unless you live in Australia, you are not likely to build a house that duplicates a Glenn Murcutt design. You can, however, adapt his concepts to any climate or topography. The best way to learn about Glenn Murcutt is to read his own words. In the slim paperback Touch This Earth Lightly Murcutt discusses his life and describes how he developed his philosophies. In the words of Murcutt: Our building regulations are supposed to prevent the worst; they in fact fail to stop the worst, and at best frustrate the best—they certainly sponsor mediocrity. I’m trying to produce what I call minimal buildings, but buildings that respond to their environment.† In 2012 Great Britains Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) rigorously used sustainability principles similar to Murcutts to develop Olympic Park, now called Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. See how this urban revitalization happened in How to Reclaim the Land - 12 Green Ideas. In light of climate change, why cant our institutions mandate energy efficiency in our buildings? In Glenn Murcutts Own Words: Life is not about maximizing everything, its about giving something back - like light, space, form, serenity, joy.—Glenn Murcutt Touch This Earth Lightly: Glenn Murcutt in His Own Words ​​Source: Biography by Edward Lifson, Director of Communications, The Pritzker Architecture Prize (PDF) [accessed August 27, 2016]

The Pursuit Of A College Degree - 1003 Words

The pursuit of a college degree is, in fact, a significant element that can improve one’s life, which will relieve the government and improve the economy. The more people do not rely on government aid, the higher the chance the economy can get out of debt. A good majority of jobs in the job market require its employees to have some sort of college education: Associates Degree, Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree, or a Doctoral Degree. Today, a Bachelor’s degree is not efficient enough to get or keep a job due to high amount of competition. Being that college is so expensive, people do not see the advantage of getting a higher education. Setting aside four or five years to only be unemployed or being paid a low salary is simply not worth it to some people. In order for institutions to function, colleges and universities need to consider the objection that many people face when making the decision to attend college. Throughout my adolescents, my mother always exposed me to the positive side of going to college: better job opportunities, lasting friendships, sorority life. I was fortunate enough to go to a well-accredit university on a scholarship. It only covered 5% of my college tuition, which was not much but it definitely allowed me to have extra money to purchase my textbooks. Another why people choose to attend college is to receive a refund check, which can be used to buy anything such as shoes, clothes, and televisions. Although it may seem as though one is getting aShow MoreRelatedAre Too Many People Going to College Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis on â€Å"Are Too Many People Going to College† Charles Murray’s essay proposes that American colleges are being flooded with individuals who are either unprepared for higher education or who are simply forced into attending college and can’t succeed because of the lack of certain innate abilities. 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Fear and Edvard Munch Painting Essay Example For Students

Fear and Edvard Munch Painting Essay This painting expressed isolation and fear as its main theme. You may ask why is his image so popular? What is it about this yelling figure that speaks to so many of us? Some say that The Scream reminds them of their humanity and lets them know that its K to flip out once in a while. Others who are more mysterious ask questions like Who is screaming? and What is so frightening? Many too, find the piece appealing due to the use of energetic line and complementary colors. The reddish sky in the background was probably due to the powerful eruption of Sauerkraut in 1883. The ash ejected from the volcano turned the sky red in the eastern United States and most of Europe and Asia for nearly a year. The main object in the turnaround is quite strange looking expressing the peculiarity in the artwork. However it is assumed to be the artist himself who is in fact showing anguish in his scream, and he is protecting himself or itself tromp the scream of Nature. This is supported by an extract from his diary, describing the inspiration for this artwork. L was walking along a path with two friendship sun was extinguishable the sky turned blood retell paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fencethere was blood and tongues of fire above the blue- black ford and the citizenly friends walked on, and stood there trembling with anxietyand I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature. The way that he has positioned his hands on his ears, shows that Munch is trying to not hear this scream that is putting him in some kind of panic or distress. The body language that has been portrayed by the Object shows a kind Of reflex reaction which has caused by noises that is frightening, whether the noise was actual or only imagined. The amounts Of Objects in this painting are limited, however by having fewer objects. It has let us, the viewers to mainly focus on the choice of colors selected by the artist which are strongly affecting the theme of fear. The paintings were drawn with waxed crayon and tempera on a paper cardboard. Tempera is a technique of painting with colors made from powdered pigments mixed with water and egg yolk and other materials, The composition, colors and dramatic use of perspective, the curves of the landscape and strange figure personify isolation and anxiety. In conclusion, fear in the artwork, has not only been exposed by the objects in the artwork, but also the selection tot colors that has been used, and rather a general knowledge on what the artwork is about.

Freedom Requirements For Public Meetings - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the FreedomRequirements For Public Meetings. Answer: Types of Meeting Meeting Purpose Conducted Status Updates Meeting To check progress on work and align workforce These meetings have activities of discussion for problem solving, prioritization, task assignment or decision making. These meetings involve team leaders who represent their teams. These meetings can happen within group or across groups depending on the company size. In this meeting, anyone who would be benefited by team discussions can be involved. Decision Making Meeting To take decision that needs inputs from the whole team These meetings have activities like information sharing, brainstorming, evaluation, ranking and voting for options. Decisions can be taken using a variety of methods like ranking, voting, scoring, and iterative convergence. The team ends discussions with a direction on what to do next in the area that was discussed. A typical meeting involves participants, leader, authority, process observer, and note taker. Innovation Meetings To bring up new ideas and develop a foundation for a new solution, design, product or service In these meetings, new ideas are encouraged from people and discussions are done to refine on most promising ideas through brainstorming, evaluating, and ranking. These meetings are mostly carried out at the beginning of a project. These meetings are assigned a leader to keep things in control and a note taker to collate ideas. Codes of practice Code of practice is a guideline prepared by a professional association for its members to help them understand the ethical standards and comply with them. The purpose of this code is to support economic, political and social integrity of business entity and industry, protect customer rights, and encourage equal employment opportunity for all without discrimination. Meeting codes of practice include: Freedom of speech must be respected for every one attending the meeting The code of practice must be followed by all the attendees of the meeting A due notice should be given to all the expected participant if any meeting has to be held Meeting venue must have the arrangements to ensure safety and health of participants at the time of meeting If the meeting chairperson is not present in the meeting for some reason then a chairman must be chosen before conducting the meeting It is the duty of the meeting chairperson to ensure that meeting is conducted in a lawful manner Minutes of the meeting must have correct records of all the details and discussions and must be signed by participants The agenda of the meeting must be prepared in advance and must be distributed to participants before the meeting If any confidential information has to be shared over email to anyone for meeting then it should be put in the attachment rather than on the email body People who are unable to attend the meeting and their participation is of importance to the issue discussed, must inform the organizer about the absence In the event of cancellation of the meeting,, participants must be informed a week in advance for normal meetings and 24 hours in advance for emergency meetings Any change in the agenda after informing participants must be communicated in the form of an addendum If any fact or information has to be discussed in the meeting which needs preparation from a potential participant then it is the responsibility of the participant to get all the necessary documents or facts collected before the meeting and must bring the evidences in the meeting The questions that are asked by the participants must be relevant to the topics of discussion, must have rational considerations and should not hurt the sentiments of any other participant Based on the needs for the codes of conduct, certain procedures can be established for meetings such as: A formal invitation with identified key discussion topics must go to the participants 7 days prior to the meeting for a reminder and information update on the meeting agenda A minute taker must be hired who should be made responsible for noting the details of event and highlights of discussion during event. This minute would be sent to all the participants post the meeting within a week of completion of the meeting. Legislations Legislations that can affect meetings include: Health and Safety Requirements: The condition and provisions in the meeting room must be safe and healthy for the participants. This requires a company to ensure that all safety and health requirements are met by the venue that is chosen for meeting such as existence of emergency evacuation, fire extinguisher, first aid kits, quality air, well lit environment, and provision of water and snacks. This would affect the choice of venue where a meeting has to be conducted which would in turn affect the transportation needs and costs to the company. Organization requirements: The Company conducting meeting must make arrangements for booking, progress recording, accommodation or transport if needed, catering, and relevant documentation. As per this legislation, any company conducting meeting would have some obligations like hiring a minute taker, having a booking system, a place for notice or information sharing, and making of catering arrangements. This would affect the procedures and budget of the meeting(ISC, 2012). Public Meetings Public meetings need to follow some legislative requirements such as: Rules for Notice: A notice has to be given to all the members who can attend with details like meeting time, meeting place, and principle subjects that are likely to be covered in the meeting The information about the meeting may be given through press releases or direct mails to news organizations, local media, neighbouring associations, chambers of commerce, and community organizations. The notice given to the public must have not less than 24 hours time except the emergency meetings that can be called within 24 hours(ORS, 2017). Minutes of the Meeting The minutes must have details like starting and adjourning time, date and place of meeting, members of institution conducting meeting, statements on issues discussed, purpose of the session, and attendees of the session The minutes must be prepared and posted within 7 days after the meeting is over on the organization website. For emergency meeting, this duration is 72 hours and in case of voting results, it can be 42 hours(FOIC, 2008) Meeting Standards Meeting standards for specific region or country must be explored and accordingly agenda, standards, and processes must be set Legal requirements must be followed based on cite laws, quorum requirements, procedural rules, and archival requirements Meeting requirements Before the meeting can be conducted, there would be some requirements that are needed to be completed for organizing the meeting event and these include: The purpose off the meeting must be identified and based on it the items in the agenda have to be prepared Meeting participants are chosen and are assigned roles in the meeting The decision on the venue and timing of the location has to be decided The processes that would be used for making decisions in the meeting are needed to be explored and the most appropriate process must be selected from voting, leaders choice, or group consensus The attendance of all the participants must be verified before attendance and they should be informed about their roles Key participants who would need to present in the meeting must have details of agenda and must prepare themselves The venue has to be verified to ensure that it has all the required facilities including safety provisions, meeting equipments, meeting arrangements, lightning, and air supply and it is available at the time of the meeting Some of the requirements are specific to participants of the meeting such as: Participant Requirement Minute taker Should have the details of the venue, meeting agenda, participants and timing Should have a facility to record the details of meeting Meeting leader Must have the agenda of the meeting and topics to be discussed Must have the details of participants and their roles Must have a document prepared for the code of practice of meeting Key presenter Must have the required documents ready for the presentation Must have the details of agenda and profiles of participants Meeting organizer Must have access to the venue to ensure it has all the facilities Must have requirement details to ensure they are met Decision making authority Must have the knowledge about the procedure for decision making Must have all the factual data that is needed to take the right decision Resource equirement The resources that are required to conduct a meeting include: Seating arrangement as per the need of the meeting Catering facility including drinks and snacks sufficient in quantity for serving all participants Meeting equipments like projector, Screen, Mic, computer, server, extension, and electrical sockets Facilities for convenience, safety, and health of participants including Air Conditioner, Safety Kit, and Fire Extinguisher. Funds must be available to pay for the venue, administrative tasks, and catering Human resources are needed to play the roles of meeting leader, organizer, receptionist and minute taker Cultural Differences There can be difference in the way people from different cultures view time. In some cultures, the people do not respect time wastage and can be rude to people coming late. Such cultures are called monochromatic such as Japan. In these cultures, people do not welcome any interruptions during the meeting while in other cultures people could be more welcoming and relaxing such as Latin America and Middle East. This can cause conflicts between people from opposing cultures. To avoid or minimize such conflicts, some steps can be taken such as: Allotting specific time for questions in the agenda itself such that people can only ask questions in that time Specifying in the age and the last time to take entries that should be 15 minutes before the start of the event and do not welcome entries post that Another challenge can arise due to the differences in behaviour and attitude of people such that what is considered good in one culture may not be appreciated in another culture. One of the reasons for such differences could be due to the difference in the power distance which if high will have people more respecting to authority and unwilling to listen to people from lower hierarchy such as in China while with low power distance countries, people are treated equal such as in USA. Conflicts can arise if a senior participant from a high power distant country is interrupted or opposed by another person who is a junior and from a low power distance country. Such conflicts can be avoided or at least minimized by taking following steps: Company can allot specific time for presenting opposing views where everyone is forced to push their sceptic views and none would feel offended. The Six Hat thinking system can be used in the meeting to ensure this is used Everyone should be given specified minutes for speaking with points to speak which can include positive as well as negative views such that all views are presented without raising conflicts Documentation Documents for distribution before meeting Contact Person Date Required No. Of copies Meeting Agenda CEO 10th August 9 copies each for General Manager, Finance Director IT Director, Marketing Manager, HR Manager, Warehouse Manager, Buying Director, Regional Operational Manager and Minute Taker Invitation HR manager 8th August 11 copies each for CEO, General Manager, Finance Director IT Director, Marketing Manager, HR Manager, Warehouse Manager, Buying Director, Regional Operational Manager and Minute Taker Minutes recording format HR manager 13th August 1 copy for Minute Taker Confirmed Participants list HR manager 12th August 11 copies each for CEO, General Manager, Finance Director IT Director, Marketing Manager, HR Manager, Warehouse Manager, Buying Director, Regional Operational Manager and Minute Taker Budget report Buying Director 12th August 2 copies for Finance Director and CEO Sales Terminal Progress update report Marketing Manager 12th August 3 copies for General Manager, Finance director, and CEO Minutes of Previous meeting HR Manager 12th August 11 copies each for CEO, General Manager, Finance Director IT Director, Marketing Manager, HR Manager, Warehouse Manager, Buying Director, Regional Operational Manager and Minute Taker Design Team Summary report Regional Operational Manager 13th August 2 copies for General Manager and CEO Meeting Schedule Goals Tasks Resources Needed Timelines Prepare and Distribute meeting agenda Identify purpose of meeting Identify participants and their profiles Gather meeting requirements from participants Create agenda for the meeting Send agenda to all participants Assistance from participants Emails of all participants 10th August Make arrangements for all facilities needed for the meeting Identify venue and meeting requirements Explore and select venue that meets requirements of meeting Check if venue has all facilities including AC, Projector, Mic, Fire Extinguisher, and First Aid kit Outsource catering service to a catering service provider if it is not available with venue providers Test the equipments to ensure they are working before meeting Finance to pay venue and other service provider 12th August Ensure attendance of most participants in the meeting Identify participants Create an invitation for the participants Send them invitation Seek confirmation for attendance from stakeholders If participants are not present in time, call them to remind if possible and the participant is important Take entries of all participants coming to meeting HR manager to help with profile details Support from department heads for confirmation of participants 13th August Prepare all the reports needed for the meeting and distribute Prepare budget Prepare sales terminal progress report Prepare design team summary report Extract previous meetings minutes Operational Manager HR manager Marketing Manager Minute Taker 13th August Conduct the meeting as per meeting code of practice Document meeting codes of practice Distribute the codes to all participants Allot a meeting leader Leader to moderate the meeting to ensure that the participants follow codes of practice HR Manager 14th August Ensure all meeting proceedings are recorded and distributed to participants Create a template for minutes of the meeting Study last minutes of the meeting and identify topics for recoding in new minutes Assign the task of recording minutes to a minute taker Minute taker to update the event details in template including time, venue, agenda, and participants Minute taker to record discussions in the minutes template Record details of who said what, who was absent, who sent another representative, who did not inform about absence, etc. Take consent from participants on minutes recorded Edit minutes and prepare a final minutes of the meeting Send the minutes of the meeting to all the participants who attended and who could not attend Minute Taker Inputs from all the meeting participants including CEO, General Manager, Finance Director IT Director, Marketing Manager, HR Manager, Warehouse Manager, Buying Director, and Regional Operational Manager 14th August Ensure that participants are served with snacks and drinks Check if the venue has catering facility If not then explore and select a quality caterer from outside Provide snacks and beverages to participants during meeting Catering service provider Finance 14th August References FOIC, 2008. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT: Public Meetings Guide, Connecticut: FOIC. ISC, 2012. Manage meetings, s.l.: Australian GOvernment. ORS, 2017. FAQ on Notice Requirements for Public Meetings , s.l.: LEAGUE OF OREGON CITIES.

Masculinity in Their Eyes Were Watching God Research Paper Example

Masculinity in Their Eyes Were Watching God Paper Jeanie changed from paying her mutual respect to complaining her as an irresponsible woman who cant do the chores properly. Then I will summarize the comments on Joeys character. Joeys social status is a middle class. Most middle classes spend a lot of time on their profession. However, ones Job is not his whole life. It is a trap that makes people think that work and salary mechanism is priority above all things. Somehow when people fall into this trap, they adjust their temperament and character to suit the environment. Joeys overall character seems to be absorbed Into he order of hills former workplace. He Is a person who finds his existential worth through working under a presumed order. This can be seen through his role in Detonative. The novels introduction of Joe starts with him as a stranger walking down the road. He was a citified, stylish dressed man with his hat set at an angle. (27) He talked friendly to Jeanie and told Jeanie that he had been working for white folks a long time yet saved a lot of money. Joeys ideological investment, unlike Lagans, has nothing to do with a work ethic or turning Jeanie Into a mule; Instead, Joeys stresses intro_(McGowan 113) Jeanie Is attracted by promising fact that Joe would not, like Logan, treat her as labor source. By this she was satisfied enough. The novel then quickly focuses on Joeys achievements as mayor: the establishment of the grocery store, the mail service, the electric lamp and the purchase of Mats mule. Joeys progressive intentions have the quality of invest and speculation. His real aim is to have a big voice. (46) The grocery store and the mall service had earned the economic respect of the townsfolk The parlor was never empty of amusement and hatter. The electric lamp had made him a figure of enlightenment. The purchase of Mats mule gave him a reputation of liberator of labor. These events had made Joe an outstanding figure among the black township. He had earned his big voice. But along came another aspect of his identity: He mad e himself a God by his sole purpose. The townspeople sought to watch him in admiring eyes, hence the title their eyes were watching God. We will write a custom essay sample on Masculinity in Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Masculinity in Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Masculinity in Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Joe plays God as though nothing can stand In his way, but It has drawbacks. This notion of Identity, or this feeling of empowerment dad him think that it is necessary to stay progressive so long as people continue to believe him as a God. He has to be a fool himself to believe this, but the momentum had kicked off, and without an equalizer it is very hard to stop it. To this point, Joe has become an example of monopoly capitalism. (McGowan 112) By now his sense of superiority had bypassed his sentimentality on the folks around him. He is actually In the risk of being an Ignorant of his townsfolk, even with his beloved Jeanie. Even In old age, en still sees enamels as an autocrat AT Jeanie. Joe cant change Nils animalcules sense and clings on his past achievements. Joeys love towards Jeanie never had grown beyond a fancy doll. Although Jeanie had warned him about his work being a strain(46) on their relationship, he still insists on his prospects on Jeanie as first lady. He trades these good fortunes for Genies loyalty. It was clear for Jeanie, being sensitive about the future, that she will have to take up her burden in Joeys world: a feeling of coldness and fear took hold of her. She felt far away from things and lonely. (46) In the end, the relationship of Joe and Jeanie sees the impotency of fighting over trivial matters. This takes on with nailing the bill (70), Genies old appearance (77) and finally, cutting the tobacco. (78) In the last scene, Joe sees that Jeanie is getting old, and her sexual appeal is not that of her younger ages. There was still a hint of sex when Joe was Joking about her age. Joe could be thinking about having sex with her, but due to his heavy stress on work and progress, he does not know how to do so. To summarize, from his glamorous appearance, Joeys successful elopement with Jeanie roves that Joeys middle class values offer him higher level of social attractiveness than farmers like Logan. Joeys entrance into power was portrayed as a promoter of material livelihood, an enlightenment figure and a mule liberator. From the series of successful acts Joe sees himself as a God that has his own programs to impose on the townsfolk. He, a strong willed and focused person, took hold of power until his death. His marriage was not an ideal one. He likes a stable marriage where the role of his spouse is fixed, never changing.

Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Essay Example

Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Essay Example Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Paper Main Causes of Pollution in Urban and Rural Areas Paper Over time, land pollution degrades the quality of not only the land in n area where waste is present, but also the quality of things growing in that land. Land pollution contaminates ground water, kills animal and plant species, causes disease and more. One of the major causes of land pollution is industrialization. Mechanized creation of goods sacrifices resource conservation in favor of speedy and inexpensive production. This results in a greater amount of industrial waste which must be disposed of. When it is not disposed of correctly it becomes surface waste and creates land pollution. Another cause of land pollution is chemical treatment of the land. Organic farming is the exception not the rule. Most farmers use harsh chemicals to fertilize their crops, eliminate weeds, kill of pests who pose a threat to the crop and more. The excess chemicals leave waste residue in the land and pollute it-Waste from human activity is, however, the most common cause of pollution. Waste causing pollution is caused by careless disposal of things that are thrown away including littering, and failure to recycle. Many teems go into a landfill which could be recycled and reused to both limit the amount of natural resources used to create synthetic products and reduce the amount of waste in land fills and private dumps creating land pollution. Land pollution is serious because it contributes to other forms of contamination including water and air pollution, as particles from the land pollution work into the water cycle. Limiting or eliminating land pollution improves every aspect of global conservation, and pollution management. This prevents potentially dangerous materials from negatively impacting the global quality of life.

Marketing and consumer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing and consumer - Essay Example The marketers, through segmentation, aim towards precisely recognising the customers’ needs and thus considering the process as to how the customers decide to choose one alternative product or service from among several alternatives. On the other side, the customers are acquainted with segmenting themselves and generally do not observe the marketers’ segmentation of the market (Wedel & Kamakura, 2000). Aimed Market Segment of La! Radio The market segment aimed by La! Radio is that of male market segment. The Chairwoman at La! Radio claims that her company’s brand is ‘men friendly’ and mentioned that her radio station wants the men to listen to their on-air programs. Through the market survey that each marketer conducts before targeting a market segment, it has been found out by the chairwoman at ‘La! Radio’ that ‘men’ hold an urge to know more and more about ‘women’. This fact is evident from the huge number of male readership to famous women magazines such as that of the ‘Cosmopolitan’ and many others. For La! Radio, in the entertainment industry, this fact with regard to the male has instigated the prospect of the male market. Answer to Question No. 2 Definition of Stakeholder A stakeholder is an entity or a person of the organisation that has a concern or stake in the actions of the organisations. ... Possible Stakeholders of La! Radio with Justification There can be five probable forms of stakeholders for La! Radio: suppliers, customers, internal entities, external entities and other stakeholders. Suppliers are the providers of equipments required for a radio station and services related to the provision of the equipments. They would hold the stake in La! Radio because it is at its initial stage and would have purchased the equipments on credit for certain time period. The suppliers would keep a close watch at the radio station’s performance so that they can receive their term amount on time. Customers would consist of the listeners who love music and holds the habit of listening to radio programs and could not leave the habit even for a single day. The internal stakeholders would be the volunteers and paid staffs who are working for their respective purposes which can be earning needs or as a passion. The external stakeholders are the competitors, universities and schools . Competitors would always keep a close watch at La! Radio’s each step to avoid intensity in the rivalry and the universities and schools would be anxious so that the entertainment programs do not hamper the students’ educational activities. The other stakeholders consist of all those who presume themselves to be stakeholders even if the radio station does not think so. Answer to Question No. 3 With the help of PRESTCOM analysis of the environmental factors that can have an impact on the establishment of La! Radio, the following factors have been evaluated: As far as the political factors are concerned, the applicant or the La! Radio would have to be eligible for holding the license under the terms and conditions of Broadcasting Acts 1990 and 1996. La! Radio should

Four function of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four function of management - Essay Example These are as following; 1. Planning: It is the ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning is the initiating function of management and also embodies the other functions. It is the function of management, with which, management ensures directing employee efforts towards group and attainment of organizational goals. For the long-term success of an organization, it is necessary to set immediate and long- term goals, and to choose strategies of their achievement. This function is directly related to the arising of many questions; like, where are we now What do we want to accomplish How are we going to do it Who will do it When will we do it Why will we do it Etc. For example, Bill Gates - the founder of Microsoft Corporation - does the necessary planning by establishing missions and challenges for Microsoft management to accomplish, such as planning for the introduction of Windows Vista and its date for international launching. 2. 2. Organizing: This function is related with allocating and configuring resources to accomplish and establish the preferred goals and objectives during the planning processes. In this function, steps are taken out in order to translate the planned steps into reality while assigning the necessary tasks, setting up deadlines, allocating resources, and deciding what structures are yet to be created and to whom additional responsibilities should be delegated, etc; In the Microsoft, Bill Gates effectively organizes the use of company's resources while making sure that the company successfully achieves its objectives and long-term goals. For example, Bill Gates visits various countries across the world and hires top class I.T professionals so as to make sure that the final product is a world class one while making sure that the concurrent ongoing projects at Microsoft smoothly get inch to inch closer towards their successful completion. Bill Gates achieves this all by configuring Microsoft policies over the time and by allocating the financial resources for every single step forward. 3. Leading: It is the function which is directly related to the management tasks of establishing direction and influencing people to follow that direction (Carter McNamara, 2002). This function, perhaps, can be broken down into further three sub-categories of motivating, coordinating and directing. Directing is the way with which managers guide their subordinates while showing them the way with which some task is to be accomplished. Motivating is the set of managerial activities with the aim of causing proper employee performance while involving the finding out of employee needs and creating reward systems for quality and timely work. Coordinating is related with who informs whom about what. It also integrates details and/of events, and ensures coherent action. At Microsoft, Bill Gates leads the way out to success by setting his own example. His superior methodologies for motivating, coordinating and directing make sure that the company has the right leadership to carry it forward in the future with success. Rewarding the Windows XP team for coming up with such high quality software in due amount of time was an

Marketing Planning For Wilson Cycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Planning For Wilson Cycles - Essay Example The case study of Wilson Cycles reveals that the owners have a vision and have implemented an appropriate marketing plan for the success of their business venture. But realizing the demand of the customers and shift in the usage of cycles from leisure activities to health purposes, it is important that the owners make some changes in their marketing plans. According to Brushett and Franklin, there are four most important elements for the successful designing and implementation of marketing plans i.e. knowledge (what are the customer needs and demands), research (information about the industry and product so that the compatibility between the two can be determined), focus (clarity about company’s direction) and communication (ability to reach the customers with right channels so that they make repeated purchases). The sons of the owners are aware of the demands of the customers and want to expand their retail activities by making proper use of online mediums of communication. T he growing trend of the cycling industry along with the changes happening in the global world, it is recommended that they go ahead with the third options that they are considering which is revamping the Wilson Cycles’ image to a retail store that has the good range of branded products at affordable price ranges.  After the first year of operations as rebranding Wilson Cycles, next year it will develop the strategy of developing a triathlon shop as it will provide services for the road and time-trial bikes along with the swimming.with the swimming an

The History Of The Cultural Artifact Theology Religion Essay

The History Of The Cultural Artifact Theology Religion Essay Cultural artifacts are unique symbols of any organization or culture that suggest their shared expectations or belief. People shape them from their natural recourses. It gives information about its culture and people belong to specific culture. These are found all over the world different from generation to generation. Artifacts of our own cultures surround us from art and music to architecture  and literature, from philosophy and religion to laws and economics. We are living  among cultural artifacts that have deep roots into specific culture. The Holy Bible is as  cultural artifact. It is not merely a religious book but it has historic and social book. It is direct reflection of its culture. It influences rationality, heroism, anarchy, technology, morality, languages, literature, science, true wealth, compassion, liberty, family and educational institute. It has formed various aspects of our culture. It allows the reconstruction of many socio-cultural elements. It is a guidel ine for moral behavior. For its significant impact on language, literature, art and politics it is considered more than a cultural artifact. The Bible as cultural artifact The Bible is the typical history of the collection of ancient texts held sacred by Moslems, Jews and Christians, The Bible is classic. It is not a smooth, apparent list of rules and regulations that we can depict impartially and apply independently to our lives. But it is holy accumulation of letters and equity, proverbs and poetry, philosophy and apocalypse, written over thousands of years in cultures and points differ from our own, and tell the complex story of Gods synergy with humanity. The Bible is not merely religious book but it is historic and social book. It can direct better conception of peoples motivation. This book is not set of belief in Judaism or Christianity. But it stresses its words themselves. Once Jesus said that his mission was not to extinguish law but to fulfill its requirement. And in this concern, fulfilling the law is to letting it go. It may serve as a little comfort to those who have suffered abuse at the hand of Bible-wielding scholars, but the disturbing laws of Deuteronomy lose their bit of their potency when God himself breaks them. A symbol is something that stands for something else. The Bible is a symbol of The Holy Ternary, Contrition towards god, Justification, Holiness, Divine Healing, and The Purge of the Holy Ghost and many more. It proclaims renovating of the mind, pardon, love, belief, patience, and in particular wisdom. It contains a lot of cultural data of these societies and data on their relation with God. Anthropology has a great deal of light on the cultural history of the Bible by using the text as an ethnographic resource. By using the tools of anthropology, a scholar may sought from the pages of the Bible the information which allows the reconstruction of many socio-cultural elements. The Bible leads the foundation of Jewish culture. It constitutes the discerning bookcase. . It is direct reflection of its culture. The Bible has formed western culture moreover any other book. Its strike is far-reaching and has extremely credit the history of art. Impact of the Bible on British culture has been lifted frequently in recent months. The Bible has impact on English language and literature. Melvyn Bragg has published a book called Book of Books: The Radical Impact of the King James Bible in which he dashes a liberator bent in the Bible which shows its role in changing society. It continues the movement to abolish slavery. He argues Bible is a clout for democracy. Nick also bucks that the Bible has influenced the British political history. It has impact on democracy, the rights and duties of kings, tolerance and balance. It has a positive impact on British civic life. Mangalwadi argues that the Bible provides the basics upon which western civilization as well as Indian democracy rests. It is related to the values and beliefs of western culture. Mangalwadi credit the influence of the Bible over rationality, heroism, anarchy, technology, morality, languages, literature, science, true wealth, compassion, liberty, family and educational institute. Bible has formed various aspects of our culture Bible is commented as a cultural icon because of his significant impact on language, literature, art and politics. For these reasons the Bible is considered more than a cultural artifact. It is a lasting power which discloses and draws us towards compelling truths about our lives as human beings. The Bible is a guideline for moral behavior. As its lessons are recognized that and effected by two thousand years old and some things that are timeless other things change. It falls on us to make up our own mind and choose that we want to take away from it. The bible is used for a victim for immaturity and irresponsible actions. About the Bible, people put too much stress on the words by themselves and not on actual words what they say. It is a Holy book that is able quote scripture at desire, and it is able to be internalize what we read and apply actually in our life. It is not static. Religious leaders change them for their own sake and it pass on to its next generation not as same. Conclusion The Bible is considered as typical cultural artifact. It leads the foundation of Jewish culture. It is considered as a cultural icon because of his significant impact on language, literature, art and politics.

Non Profit Organizations Essay -- Nonprofits and Charities

Nonprofit Organizations The purpose of this research is to define nonprofit organizations, describe opportunities that are present in nonprofits, outline advantages and disadvantages of working in the nonprofit sector, and explain how you can determine if this is an area for you to consider as a career. WHAT IS THE NONPROFIT SECTOR? "Nonprofit" is a term that the I.R.S. uses to define tax-exempt organizations whose money or "profit" must be used solely to further their charitable or educational mission, rather than distribute profits to owners or shareholders as in the for-profit sector. The term is also used to describe organizations which are not a branch of -- are independent of -- the government and the corporate sector. This term refers to one of the most important uniqueness of a nonprofit organization: it is independent of both the public or government sector and the private or corporate sector. Nonprofits are organizations whose income is not used for the benefit or gain of stockholders, directors or any other persons with an interest in the organization. The nonprofit sector is very diverse; it includes tax-exempt organizations that are educational, scientific and cultural, as well as civic and social welfare organizations. Nonprofits usually work to advance a cause or interest or to accomplish some good work. Some job seekers overlook nonprofit organizations, assuming that opportunities are limited and salaries are uniformly low. This is not true. Respectable salaries, a wide range of opportunities and satisfying work abound in the nonprofit sector. Nonprofit organizations play significant roles at th... ... REFERENCES Ahmad, M M and Townsend, J G (1998). Changing fortunes in anti-poverty programmes in Bangladesh. Journal of International Development, No.10; pp. 427. Anonymous (1995). Make a Difference: An Outline Volunteering Strategy for the UK, Volunteering Unit, Home Office Public Relations Branch, London. Eberts, Marjorie and Margaret Gisler (1991). Careers for Good Samaritans and Other Humanitarian Types. Lincolnwood: VGM Career Horizons. Lewis, William and Carol Milano (1987). Profitable Careers in Nonprofit. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. McAdam, Terry (1986). Careers in the Nonprofit Sector: Doing Well By Doing Good. Washington: The Taft Group. Wilson, A. and Pimm, G. (1996). The tyranny of the volunteer: the care and feeding of voluntary workforces. Management Decision, Vol.34, No.4; pp.24.

Critique of Transcultural Nursing

Discuss whether nursing Is a profession or an occupation. What can current and future nurses do to enhance nursing's standing as a profession? Nursing Is a profession. According to Mencken and Wills (2014) â€Å"profession Is a learned vocation or occupation that has a status of superiority and precedence within a Dillon of work† (p. 2). I believe this describes nursing but needed more evidence to make my decision.I considered the â€Å"characteristics off profession: a defined and specialized knowledge base, control and authority over training and education, credentialing system, altruistic service to society, formal training within institutions of higher education, lengthy colonization to the profession and autonomy† (Mencken & Wills, 2014, p. 2). The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (â€Å"NCSA Home,† n. D. Help to define the nursing knowledge base, have authority over training by requiring that training at institutions of higher education meet the standards of approval by boards of nursing and that nurses graduating from an approved nursing program are clinically competent to practice nursing by assign the national council licenser exam (â€Å"UNCLE Examinations,† n. D. ). Nursing at Its core Is an altruistic profession. Altruism Is defined as â€Å"feelings and behavior that show a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness† (â€Å"Altruism – Merriam- Webster Dictionary,† n. D. ).Nurses provide care because it is needed and not because the nurse will have personal gains from providing such care. Autonomy in nursing can be viewed as a partnership in a multi-disciplinary team in which each ember has a different skill set and working together the patient receives the best possible care. Each member works independently and inter-dependently to meet the varied and unique needs of each individual patient. Nursing as a profession meets or exceeds each characteristic of a profession in my view. Experienced nurses need to help grow the skills and critical thinking of new nurses.Nurses with a wide variety of experiences and skills are better able to act autonomously. When nurses think critically and act In a safe way they provide better, ore efficient care. This leads to Increased patient satisfaction, Increased physician, peer and self-confidence. I find that the area new nurses need the most guidance on is his/her ability to call on knowledge already gained to provide the most effective care. For example, knowing which IV size to choose for a patient who has a possible GIG bleed is something that the preceptor teaches the new nursing graduate.

Emily Davies, Advocate of Higher Education for Women

Emily Davies, Advocate of Higher Education for Women Known for:  founding Girton College,  advocate of womens higher educationDates: April 22, 1830 - July 13, 1921Occupation: educator, feminist, womens rights advocateAlso Known as: Sarah Emily Davies About Emily Davies Emily Davies was born in Southampton, England. Her father, John Davies, was a clergyman and her mother, Mary Hopkinson, a teacher. Her father was an invalid, suffering a nervous condition. In Emilys childhood, he ran a school in addition to his work in the parish.  Eventually, he gave up his clergy post and school to focus on writing. Emily Davies was privately educated typical for young women of that time. Her brothers were sent to school, but Emily and her sister Jane were educated at home, focusing mainly on household duties. She nursed two of her siblings, Jane and Henry, through their battles with tuberculosis. In her twenties, Emily Davies friends included Barbara Bodichon and Elizabeth Garrett, advocates of womens rights. She met Elizabeth Garrett through mutual friends, and Barbara Leigh-Smith Bodichon on a trip with Henry to Algiers, where Bodichon was also spending the winter.  The Leigh-Smith sisters seem to have been the first to introduce her to feminist ideas. Davies frustration at her own unequal educational opportunities was from that point directed into more political organizing for change for womens rights. Two of Emilys brothers died in 1858.  Henry died of tuberculosis which had marked his life, and William of wounds sustained in the fighting in the Crimea, though he had moved on to China before his death. She spent some time with her brother Llewellyn and his wife in London, where Llewellyn was a member of some circles that promoted social change and feminism.  She attended lectures of  Elizabeth Blackwell  with her friend Emily Garrett. In 1862, when her father died, Emily Davies moved to London with her mother. There, she edited a feminist publication, The Englishwomans Journal, for a time, and helped found the Victoria  magazine.  She published a paper on women in the medical profession for the Congress of the Social Science Organization.   Soon after moving to London, Emily Davies began working for the admission of women to higher education. She advocated for the admission of girls to London University and to Oxford and Cambridge. When she was given the opportunity, she found, on short notice, more than eighty female applicants to take exams at Cambridge; many passed and the success of the effort plus some lobbying led to opening the exams to women regularly.  She also lobbied for girls to be admitted to secondary schools.  In the service of that campaign, she was the first woman to appear as an expert witness at a royal commission. She also became involved in the wider womens rights movement, including advocating for womens suffrage. She helped organize for John Stuart Mills 1866 petition to Parliament for womens rights. That same year, she also wrote Higher Education for Women. In 1869, Emily Davies was part of a group that opened a womens college, Girton College, after several years of planning and organizing. In 1873 the institution moved to Cambridge. It was Britains first womens college. From 1873 to 1875, Emily Davies served as mistress of the college, then she spent thirty more years as Secretary to the college. This college became part of Cambridge University and began granting full degrees in 1940. She also continued her suffrage work. In 1906 Emily Davies headed a delegation to Parliament. She opposed the militancy of the Pankhursts and their wing of the suffrage movement. In 1910, Emily Davies published Thoughts on Some Questions Relating to Women. She died in 1921.

Rulers and Reaction Times essays

Rulers and Reaction Times essays The reaction time of ten subjects was measured. The subjects were asked to catch a ruler ten times under five different conditions. The first condition measured the subject's simple reaction time. Each further condition added an additional stimulus and the reaction times were measured. There was a clear increase in reaction time with the addition of further stimulus, however the expected result of a steady increase in response time with the addition of each condition did not occur. The third condition displayed the highest response time where as the final condition displayed the second lowest (after condition 1). Assuming that no design problems in the experiment affected the results, it cannot be concluded that cognitive processes occur in separate order and do not overlap. Given the average reaction time of condition five was lower than condition three, some cognitive adaption may have occurred to lower the response time of the subjects or another reason may exist. One asp ect not covered by the experiment, but important to the results was the error factor. Pre-guessing the experimenter caused a high rate of error, however it lowered the overall results. As the world moves forward with technology, increasing pressure is placed upon humans to be quicker, be smarter and to operate more efficiently. As the population increases systems are being put in place to reduce incidences and accidents occurring. An example of this is a study conducted by Cameron, 1995 examining the influence of specific light colors, motor vehicle braking and the reaction time of the drivers to these specific clouds and conditions to avoid rear end collisions. Donders subtractive method holds that reaction times can be obtained by subtracting the simple reaction time; or subtracting type A from type B etc. (Cameron, 1995). Given this, it stands that the more stimulus provided (or thought processes required), the longer the response time of the subj...

The Apology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Apology - Essay Example He was found guilty and faced death penalty not because he was not able to present an effective dialogue but his opponents or accusers were highly threatened by his great wisdom which he did not boast off. Socrates further asserted that he wasn’t an evildoer and denied the accusations on him corrupting the minds of the youth and that relied heavily on the existence of God. He claimed that man knows nothing and if he knows even a little bit of something, this should not be a reason to be proud of because he himself humbled his wisdom on things. As one of the most influential Greek philosophers of his time, Socrates did not attack corruption or worship in false gods but rather on exposure of man to false wisdom. He believed in morality and that this could bring about happiness in an individual. Hence, throughout his trial, he was able to prove he was not a wretched man that he did not corrupt the youth, and that there was no man wiser than God. It was in Delphi where the myth of Zeus can be recalled being curious about the exact location of the earth’s center. Zeus release two eagles from Mount Olympus then flew in opposite directions and met at Delphi. The Oracle of Delphi was the most important shrine in Greece dating back to 1400 BC. Delphi was considered the navel or center of the world. People from all over Greece come to Delphi for answers about their future. Pythia, the priestess of Apollo could determine the course of everything from when a farmer planted his seedlings, to when an empire declared war. Socrates did not celebrate nor boast when he learned from a friend that the Oracle of Delphi had revealed the wisest man in Athens since he thought of himself as ‘ignorant.’ Instead, he tried to prove it wrong. After questioning everyone about what was truly worthwhile in life and no one fairly answered but pretended that they knew something but actually did not, Socrates finally realized that the Oracle was right. He alone admitted his own

Arthur Millers Play Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arthur Millers Play Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Naturally, in order to understand how the play itself is autobiographical, one must perform a great deal of background analysis into the early life of Arthur Miller. Once this has been completed, it is readily seen that Arthur Miller’s protagonist Willy Loman is likely a direct representation of his own father – Isadore Miller. Yet, this autobiographical nature should not be considered merely as a means of Arthur Miller relating a story; rather, it has a correlation with respect to the way in which life is understood and represented within middle class America during the time period in question; specifically the perennial fear of abandonment that is felt not only by Willie Lowman, but by his family. The first evidence of this fear of abandonment is with regards to the unbelievably high esteem that Willie Lowman has for an individual who gains the trust and respect of his business partners and/or clientele. An overarching theme of the entire play is the unnatural and dog ged determination that this level of love and respect, on the part of his clients, is what defines him from the faceless mass of individuals throughout society. Ultimately, rather than merely representing a narrow-minded salesman that struggles to find a place in this world and define himself differently from others, the greatest level of understanding that can be provided from a psychological standpoint is the fact that Willy Lowman is in fact terrified of the reality of abandonment and censure (Hooti & Farzaneh 19). This fear keeps him feverishly working and preaching the gospel of self sufficiency and good relations with clients to any and all who will listen. Rather than viewing Willie Lowman as a completely and entirely deranged individual, it is far better to understand his particular case from the standpoint of an individual that has traumatized from some previous instance; forever fearful that a life of abandonment and solitude will be his to live. But perhaps the greatest i rony that is represented within Arthur Miller’s play is with regards to the fact that the greatest fear that Willy Lowman has is in fact realized. Unbeknownst to Willy Lowman, as he lies dying, the abandonment and ostracism from the very individuals that could have cared about him and would have otherwise helps to ameliorate the greatest fear that he had, were disassociated from him and ultimately standoffish. Although it is of course true that his two sons were by the side, as well as his loving wife, the level of disassociation it was represented within this particular scene helped to reinforce the irony of a man that was perennially fearful of the loss of relevance that he may have if he ever came to find himself in a position of being unloved and/or unneeded. Miller’s own early life was eerily similar to that of what the reader is made aware of Willy Loman’s life. For instance, Miller grew up in an upper-middle class neighborhood in New York City; the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Miller’s own father was a successful businessman in a textile mill; which eventually employed 400 individuals. This successful lifestyle enabled the family to enjoy the luxuries of having a new car at a time when cars were still a novelty, attending private schools, and enjoying the occasional vacation. However, the good times would not last as the crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression shattered the family’s bliss. Miller’s father, out of work and out of options sold their home and moved to Gravesend, New York. It was during this time that young Arthur Miller was forced to take a bread route ever morning

The Effect of Doubling Quantity of Money Research Paper - 1

The Effect of Doubling Quantity of Money - Research Paper Example We will discuss the effect of doubling the quantity of money, an increase in willingness to work and a fall in the propensity to save, and their effect on the interest rates, price levels or inflation and the level of national output. The nominal quantity of money can be defined as the money measured with a particular currency and the quantity is directly proportional to the level of prices, in this case therefore the nominal quantity of money is equal to the price level multiplied by real money, where real money is the quantity of money and is usually a constant. The doubling of nominal quantity of money can be analysed using the quantity theory of money which states: MV = PQ where M is money supply, V is the velocity of money, P is prices and Q is the output level. PQ, therefore, is the nominal value and as the equation depict if this doubles then the other side which is MV must also double. Therefore we expect that the money supply will have increased and as a result then the inflation level will rise, inflation is the increase in the price level in the entire economy. When the nominal quantity of money doubles then the level of prices to rise in the economy, as the level of prices increases then we expect also that the output level will increase as more investors and producers produce more goods and services due to the high prices in the economy. When the level of the nominal quantity of money increases then we expect the level of interest rates to increase, the increase in interest rates will be a policy measure to ensure that the money supply in the economy is reduced in order to deal with the high inflation level in the economy. For this reason, therefore, the interest rates will rise in order to reduce the money supply.

Thought and Reflection Grading Criteria Essay Example for Free

Thought and Reflection Grading Criteria Essay The assignment will be graded according to the following criteria: 1) Clarity: The intent of the writer is clear. 2) Logic: The answer makes sense. 3) Answers question: The questions are addressed fully. 4) Mechanics: Answers contain proper punctuation and grammar. How do individuals acquire and develop language? How do you personally communicate your thoughts and how did you learn to do that? Individuals acquire and develop language through our brain function. Oral and auditory helps communicate verbal signals whether it be grunting and crying from a baby when their hungry. The auditory part of this allows us to speak and listen. We also develop language through physical and verbal using facial expressions, eye contact along with various other forms to communicate through language. I communicate my thoughts through speaking, facial gestures and listening. I learned this mostly from home environment, school, media, and peers. Based on your own experiences, what are some symbols (e.g., letters of the alphabet) people use to communicate? Based on my own experience I have learned that lol meaning â€Å"laughing out loud†. I learned this from my god-daughter just over the summer. OMG is short term for† Oh MY Gosh†. This is a term I learned on Facebook. I learned bff means â€Å"best friends forever† all the new reality shows use this to let the media know friendship status among Hollywood stars. The different terms and meanings really show me how media and communication has changed along with technology. Explain how you think these symbols are related to critical thinking? These symbols are related to critical thinking in a lot of ways because you have to think before using. Example: Timing- when using the symbols above you cannot use them anywhere any time. When being interviewed and the question asked is how did you find our company? The information came from your best  friend you cannot answers my bff. If responding to your previous professor in an email you would not use any of the mentioned abbreviations to answer further questions. When using these terms you have to consider when, how, tone of using.

Tahitians and the Nootka :: essays papers

Tahitians and the Nootka To Compare these two groups, the Tahitians and the Nootka one must consider that there are considerable similarities but there are certain differences which allow them to be set apart. The Tahitians set themselves apart as evolved and fit the model for intensive farmers, since they are blessed with the rich soil and adequate rain fall. The Nootka too, are somewhat in the scope but they are still categorized as hunter-gatherers. This can be explained in many different ways, the Tahitians climate allows for them to wear less clothing, as it is quite tropical. The Nootka have to go through a chilly North America climate though there is still warm air from Japan. The Nootka land provides them with big game and this can give them warmth in colder days. This account for some of their hunter instinct. The Tahitians are more focused on cultivating their land which, as opposed to that the Nootka. They both cultivate their land to accommodate their needs and fish intensively as a mean of subsistence. Their similarities run way deeper than just these habits based upon the ecological model of culture it will simplify the and also the differences. The most obvious difference is in the language and population density of them two. The Tahitians numbered about 100,000 whereas the Nootka are only around 6000 or a little more. As far as nutrition goes the diet is similar in fish, the Tahitians though are excellent farmers and can cultivate the land very well. The Nootka because of their ecological surroundings are able to hunt game as well as fishing and their unmatched ability to store food makes them a successful hunter gatherer society. Technologically, the two share similarities in that they both are good woodwork. They use wood tools do to the lack of metal. Their tools are complex but limited. Stone, shells, bones and wood make up the materials used for tools, the other materials available are the grass, the branches of the coconut trees for example. Their tools include harpoons and series of hooks and line for fishing. For construction stone drills, wedges and adzes, however the Nootka have hunting weaponry such as bow and arrow, spears and traps for hunting game. They both posses the skill of carpentry, they build houses and make boats and also paper with great skill and workmanship. The Tahitians provide separate housing for the chief and their homes are made by the top carpenters whereas the housing scheme of the Nootka.

Lack of Proper Management Practices in the Roaring Dragon Hotel

Roaring Dragon Hotel, a state owned enterprise, was one of the reputed 3 star hotels in China. This case study is about the conflict aroused by taking over of a former C Lack of proper management practices brought down the vibrant history and reputation of Roaring Dragon hotel, which was a premium hotel in south-west China. Hotel International was given the responsibility to transform the Chinese hotel to a modern market oriented organization, to improve its potential. Problem Though the problem areas of the Organizational culture are identified, management failed to manage the Cultural Differences of Expatriate Managers and Employees. The employees faced severe conflicts in adapting the changes made by the new management; consequently they lost their significance, motivation and developed a feeling of insecurity over the top management decisions. Opportunities The change in Management has brought an excellent opportunity to change the deeply entrenched non-productive work behavior and modernize the Hotel to international recognition by proper training, motivation and trust which also generate profits and deliver the quality of service. Recommendations. Inculcating a manager who is thrown out with the Chinese Culture and including the locals in the Management, taking the Employees into confidence by salary hikes, identifying their hard work, and also make sure the change is properly communicated to the Employees through right cha Conclusion Strategy was good initiative but they failed to capitalize it by not taking into account Locals Culture and improper communication between Expatriate Managers and Employees. HI would have improved the communication between the managers and employees by paying more attention to rted following the Guanxi management rather than HI management.

Cultural Misunderstanding Essay

Nowadays, with the development of modern technology, the world tends to be a global village. It is quite convenient to contact people from other countries by telephone, fax or on the internet. Therefore, firms get more opportunities to sell their products overseas. However, as we all know, different countries have their own unique cultures. Hofstede who is a pioneer of comparative intercultural research describes culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another† (Henk, Joseph Soeters and Peter Ester 2004,34). Owing to diverse company management, languages as well as customs, cultural conflict will arise from communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. This essay tries to present the main elements of cultural misunderstanding during cross cultural business and then find some effective ways to avoid or mitigate those problems. Different cultures make the world diversified. However, unfortunately, it also causes some negative effects on international business, which can lead to misunderstanding, confusion even anger. It usually appears in following aspects: 1). Misunderstandings based on power distance: According to Gallois and Callan(1997,28 ), â€Å"the distance† between a manager and subordinate can be considered as to extent to which employees can agree with their bosses or managers. It has two different styles: high distance and low distance. High power distance culture is usually found in some oriental countries, especially in Japan, Korea and China. Superiors seem to be entitled to more privileges. They are the centre of the whole company, their status (based on age, experience, or position) gives them the right to tell others what to do, and subordinates always esteem the managers. On the other hand, in western countries, an employee can have different opinions to his/her boss and can discuss problems with their manager face-to-face. Actually, deference of power in low power distance is based on knowledge and experience, rather than status or position alone (Gallois and Callan, 1997,28). Because of the different realization of power distance, conflict and misunderstanding must emerge when two or more who come from different power distance cultures work together. In this situation, managers of  multinational companies must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of the difference of cultures. The manager should know how to let those employees work together harmoniously and cooperatively. 2). Misunderstandings based on language: As the medium of information, language is used to express ideas, thoughts, and beliefs. Different nations use different languages, so there will be loss or misunderstanding during communication. For instance, in some countries, people like using implicit words, which are hard for foreigners to understand. It will cause big problems in cross-cultural negotiations. Language-based misunderstandings will happen, even with two native speakers of the same language, but from different dialect groups or social classes, communicating, because of accent, slang or technical terms. What’s more, according to Gallois and Callan (1997, 7), language is also associated with non-verbal communication, which includes gestures, body language, eye contact and some types of non-verbal behavior are used based on the user’s culture. Therefore, it is common that similar gestures will have different meanings in different countries. Thus, the non-verbal channel is another contributor of misunderstanding. For example, an Indian shaking his/her head means â€Å"yes† instead of â€Å"no†! In order to reduce language-based misunderstanding, overseas sellers should follow the â€Å"customer orientation† principle and do business in the customer’s language and communication style. In other words, it is essential to pay extra attention to the communication process, even if it takes more time. 3). Misunderstandings based on social rules. Social rules are defined as â€Å"shared expectations about the behavior that should and should not occur in specific social situations† (Gallois and Callan,1997,33). But the rules are different from one situation to another. Take punctuality as an example: we all know time is money, but when there is a conference, Germans usually arrive 5 minutes before the start and Spanish people will be late for 15 minutes late. However, in their mind they are both on time. Furthermore, when Western people converse with each other, the usual distances are between 0.5 and 1 meter. However, in China, the distance is much less, especially in a restaurant when people’s bodies will touch very closely.  Some Westerners feel uncomfortable in that situation. In a word, to keep an open mind about other people’s social rules and respect for those rules is very necessary. â€Å"When in Rome, do as the Romans do†. From what has been discussed before, cultural conflicts are inevitable during cross-cultural business, due to differences in company management, language, attitude toward times, social behavior, etc.. People are not all the same under the skin. As a professional business person, he/she should be willing to learn other nations’ cultures and keep an open mind, and adapt himself/herself to fit into the business environment in order to get the best achievement in business. References: Gallois,C and V.Callan (1997) Communication and Culture. JOHN WILEY&SONS Vinken,H, Joseph Soeters and Peter Ester(2004) Comparing Culture Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective. BRILL The Content of Intercultural Communication http://www.ahtvu.ah.cn/jxcl/zhykch/1107/supplementary%20reading2htm 25/01/2006

The Ultimate Guide to the 28 Main Greek Gods and Goddesses

The Ultimate Guide to the 28 Main Greek Gods and Goddesses SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Few figures from ancient mythology are as popular and well-known today as the Greek gods. You can find them in books and movies, company names and Halloween costumes, and even in space, where tons of astrological features are named after them! But what if you want to know more about the Greek goddesses and gods than just their names and a vague idea of their function? In this article we’ll provide a comprehensive guide to the Greek pantheon, starting with an introduction to the Greek gods and their mythic origins. Then, we’ll do a deep dive on the Twelve Olympians, go over some other important minor deities, discuss Greek gods family tree, the history of their worship, and wrap up with all the places you might encounter this ancient pantheon today! Greek Gods and Goddesses: An Introduction As in many ancient religions, there were hundreds of beings recognized as deities by the Greeks. These deities were mostly associated with abstract concepts like memory and justice and natural forces and features like rivers, seasons, death, and rebirth. There were also gods associated with agriculture and craftsmanship (like shepherding and blacksmithing) and the social order (i.e. marriage, the law). These gods were understood primarily as inexorable forces that governed human existence, but they also had a human aspect. These gods also marry, have children, fight, intermingle with mortals, insult each other, take vengeance, make war, and create great art. They have hierarchical and familial relationships. Mythology shows the gods both hurting and harming both mortals and each other in fairly equal measure, and not necessarily in accordance with modern conception of justice or fairness. To the modern observer, ancient religions can seem truly bizarre. The gods seem petty and irrational- not benevolent or better than humans, but embodying the entire spectrum of human strengths and foibles while simultaneously ignoring human conventions (the Greek gods’ family tree is incredibly complicated- and incestuous). But to the Greeks, the gods were not meant to behave better than humans or judge human conduct; they were simply the absolute forces that ordered the universe and drove all phenomena. Their human aspects simply made them intelligible. Mount Olympus, the mythic home of the Greek gods. Photo by flickr user stefg74. Mythic Origins of the Greek Gods and Goddesses In the Greek view, the main gods of Olympus were far from the original gods of the Universe. In the beginning was only Chaos. From Chaos came four beings: #1: Eros, who represented not only love but the power to reproduce#2: Gaia, the earth#3: Tartarus, the empty abyss beneath the earth#4: Nyx, the night Gaia birthed Uranus, the sky, from herself. Gaia and Uranus then had many children together, who were known as the Titans. Among the Titans were both gods and monsters. Uranus was not pleased with Gaia’s monstrous children, and so attempted to force them back into her womb, causing her incredible pain. Because of this, Gaia had her youngest son, the Titan Kronos, castrate his father with a sickle and cast the testicles into the sea. Kronos then became ruler of the gods. He took his sister Rhea as consort. But as he had overthrown his own father, he feared his children would overthrow him. So he consumed each of his children as they were born. However, with her last child, Zeus, Rhea tricked Kronos by offering him a stone wrapped in swaddling instead. She hid Zeus on earth, where he was raised by a nymph. When he grew to manhood, Gaia helped Zeus drug Kronos and then give him a potion to make him throw up all of his siblings: Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia. With his siblings as allies, he established himself at Mount Olympus and led a war against Kronos and the other Titans. With his victory, he became king of the greek gods and goddesses. He imprisoned the defeated Titan men in the depths of Tartarus. However, he allowed the Titan women to remain above and in fact went on to have children with many of them! He also married Hera and made her his consort. To the Greeks, Rhea, Cronus, and the Titans most likely represented the gods who were worshiped before the worship of the main Olympians were established. The Battle Between the Gods and the Titans, by Joachim Wtewael, 1600 Major Figures of the Pantheon: The Twelve Olympians The number twelve had great symbolic significance to the Greeks, and so there always had to be twelve primary Olympians. This is regardless of the fact that far more than twelve gods lived at Olympus, and some of the Twelve barely resided there if at all (like Poseidon and Hades). Myth holds that Hestia forfeited her place as one of the Twelve when Dionysus ascended Olympus, to keep the correct number. Who was among the Twelve was not always consistent, either- some descriptions kept Hestia and left out Hades, for example. However, the following Greek goddesses and gods were those most commonly named as the Twelve. Zeus Illustration of Zeus by Paul Bransom, circa 1921 God of: Storms, fate and destiny, law and order, kingship; king of the gods. Origin: Child of Titans Kronos and Rhea Usually Depicted As: A strong, mature, kingly man with a dark beard. Symbols and Icons: Thunderbolt, eagle, oak, bull Major Relationships Married to Hera Brother of Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia Fathered many of the Olympian gods: Athena, Persephone, Ares, Apollo and Artemis, Dionysus, and many other more minor gods and demigods. Only Ares was fathered with Hera; the rest were from extramarital dalliances. Major Attributes After Zeus threw down Kronos, he, Poseidon, and Hades drew lots to divide up the cosmos. Zeus got the sky. The earth was considered equally under the mastery of all three brothers. Zeus' primary original aspect was as a weather god; thunderbolts forged by Hephaestus were his chosen weapon. Later, he came to symbolize order, the law, and fate; he was considered more powerful than all the other gods and thus his rule went unchallenged. He had a huge number of affairs with both goddesses and mortal women, and the many children resulting from said affairs. He often took animal form to seduce mortal women. Myths Other than the story of him overthrowing the Titans, most of the best-known myths of Zeus today center around his seduction (or rape) of various women. Here are some notable ones: Leda: Leda was the wife of Tyndareus, the Queen of Sparta. However, Zeus desired her, so he transformed into a swan and either seduced or raped her, depending on the version of the story. Leda also slept with her husband the same night, and then laid two eggs. From one egg came her children with Zeus, Helen (of Troy fame) and Polydeuces (or Pollux). From the other egg came her children with Tyndareus, Castor and Clytemnestra. Europa: Zeus saw and desired the beautiful Europa, a Phoenician noblewoman. He disguised himself as a white bull in her father’s herds. When out with her handmaids, she admired the beautiful bull and climbed atop his back. He seized the opportunity to take her away, swimming across the sea to Crete. After Zeus had several children with her, she married the king of Crete. The name of the continent "Europe" comes from Europa. Danae: Danae was the daughter of a king. This king heard a prophecy that her son would overthrow him, so he locked Danae in a tower so no man could touch her. However, Zeus transformed into a shower of gold, came in through the grates of her tower, and impregnated her with Perseus. The king threw Danae and Perseus into the sea in a wooden chest. Zeus asked Poseidon to bear them to safety. Hera The Peacock Complains to Juno; Gustave Moreau, 1881 Goddess of: Marriage and childbirth, women, and the sky and stars; queen of the gods Origin: Child of Titans Kronos and Rhea Usually Depicted As: A beautiful, majestic matron wearing a crown Symbols and Icons: The peacock, the cuckoo, the pomegranate, the cow Major Relationships Married to Zeus (also his sister) Sister of Demeter, Poseidon, Zeus, Hades, and Hestia Mother of Ares, Eris, Hebe, and Eileithyia, (with Zeus) Mother of Hephaestus (without male intervention!) Major Attributes As wife of Zeus, she was queen of the Greek gods. She was undeniably powerful in her own right, but was not really considered Zeus’ equal; in myths about direct confrontations between them Zeus always emerged the victor. She was considered somewhat stubborn and quarrelsome; she and Zeus had a tumultuous relationship. She was known for tormenting Zeus’ many lovers and so had a reputation for being "jealous." Every year, she renewed her virginity by bathing in a spring at Nauplia. Myths Many of Hera’s appearances in myth revolve around her attempts to torment the lovers of Zeus and the children resulting from these unions. Heracles and the Milky Way: Hera repeatedly tormented Zeus’ child with the mortal Alcmene, Heracles. (Zeus’ attempt to placate Hera by naming the child in her honor was not successful.) She set many obstacles against him throughout his life. One notable story about Hera and Heracles was that when he was an infant, Zeus tricked Hera into breastfeeding Heracles, presenting him simply as an abandoned child. When she realized who he was, she yanked the baby from her breast, and the spray of milk that followed became the Milky Way. Lamia: Zeus took a beautiful queen of Libya as his mistress, and she bore him multiple children. Enraged, Hera killed Lamia’s children and turned her into a monster (typically part-serpent) who devours the children of others. Poseidon Cirta mosaic of Poseidon and Amphitrite, circa 315-325 God of: The sea, flood, drought, earthquakes, horses Origin: Child of Titans Kronos and Rhea Usually Depicted As: A mature, dark-bearded man with a trident Symbols and Icons: The trident, the horse, the dolphin, the bull, the tuna Major Relationships Brother of Demeter, Hera, Zeus, Hades, and Hestia Married to Amphitrite Fathered many children with various mothers; a large number of these children were monstrous in some respect or another. Major Attributes When Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades defeated their father Kronos, they drew lots on who would rule over what, and Poseidon drew the sea. He is thought to be much like the sea: capable of being both majestic, calm, and stormy by turns. Like his brother, Zeus, he was known to have many lovers. He was considered to have the power to give sailors safe passage. He is often credited with creating the horse; he rode around on the surface of the sea in a chariot pulled by magic horses. The Greeks believed that sacrificing a horse would win Poseidon’s favor. Myths Patronage of Athens: Poseidon and Athena were both in bitter competition to become the patron god of Athens when it was a newly-founded city (and before it was called Athens, of course). Athena proposed they hold a content for the patronage of the city: each would present a gift to the city and the king, Cecrops, would judge which present was best and therefore which god would be patron. Some versions of the myth have Poseidon giving the people a spring, which turned out to be saltwater and so useless. Some versions have him creating and gifting the city with the horse. Either way, Athena gave the city the olive tree, which Cecrops deemed the better gift. Athena became patron and the city was called Athens in her honor. Demeter Fresco of Demeter by Cosimo Tura, 1476-1484 Goddess of: All plants and fruit, agriculture, grain, bread, fertility, and newlyweds. Origin: Child of Titans Kronos and Rhea Usually Depicted As: A crowned, blonde, somewhat voluptuous, mature woman bearing grain. Often portrayed with her daughter, Persephone, or in a chariot drawn by horses or dragons Symbols and Icons: Corn, pigs, fruit, poppies, sheaves of wheat, the cornucopia/horn of plenty. Major Relationships Mother of Persephone (by Zeus) Sister of Hera, Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, and Hestia Major Attributes The name "Demeter" has two potential derivations; it could mean either "mother earth," or "giver of grain/barley." She was primarily a Greek goddess not just of nature but of cultivation; she taught humanity how to cultivate grain. As such she was also considered the giver of bread. Without her blessing, nothing grew and people starved. Rather than dwell in Olympus, she spent most of her time wandering the surface of the earth with her daughter, Persephone. Mother and daughter were often worshiped together, particularly as part of the Eleusinian mysteries. This was a mystery cult centered at Eleusis that promised initiates entrance into the blessed paradise Elysium in the afterlife. The contents of the mysteries were closely-guarded secrets. We have a general idea that they were primarily a ritualized presentation of the myth of Persephone, but we don’t know all the specifics. So many details of the mysteries remain a mystery to this day! Many agrarian festivals were held in her honor throughout Greece. Demeter was also a goddess of fertility, and the priestess of Demeter was responsible for explaining the duties of marriage to newlywed couples. Myths The most important myth about Demeter is the myth of the abduction of Persephone- a story that has endured in the popular imagination through the present day. The Abduction of Persephone: The god Hades wished to marry Persephone, but he knew that it was unlikely that Demeter would allow anyone to marry her daughter as it would separate the two. So he petitioned Zeus, who gave him permission to abduct Persephone. When Persephone was gathering flowers with her companions, he came forth from the earth, snatched her up onto his chariot, and descended down with his new bride into the Underworld. Demeter, distraught, searched everywhere for her daughter with the help of the goddess Hecate. But she couldn’t find Persephone anywhere on earth. In her grief, she made it so all crops failed and all vegetation withered. Eventually, the Greek god Helios told her he had seen Hades carry off Persephone. Outraged, Demeter went to Zeus to demand her daughter be returned. Zeus complied because humanity was starving, and commanded Hades to return Persephone to the surface world. Hades did return her. But before that he offered Persephone a single pomegranate seed to eat. Because she had eaten of the fruit of the Underworld, she had to return there part of every year. Thus she spends a third of every year (or half, depending on who is telling the tale) in the Underworld, and the rest of the year on the earth’s surface with her mother. This myth is used to explain the cycling of the seasons: when Persephone is above ground, Demeter is happy and things grow. When Persephone is in the Underworld, Demeter is sad and the earth is barren (so, winter). Hades 16th-century painting of Hades God of: King of the Underworld, god of death and funerals; also considered the god of the metals and riches of the earth and soil Origin: Child of Titans Kronos and Rhea Usually Depicted As: A dark-bearded, mature man; had two commonly depicted aspects: enthroned in the underworld, or pouring earthly riches from a cornucopia Symbols and Icons: Black sheep, cyprus, narcissus Major Relationships Husband of Persephone Brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia Father of The Furies (sometimes) Major Attributes His name has two possible derivations: one meaning "he who makes invisible," and another meaning "receiver/embracer of all." He became god of the underworld when he, Poseidon, and Zeus drew lots to see who would control which realms of the cosmos. However, he was allowed to ascend Olympus at will, although he did not know what transpired on earth or on Olympus when he was in the underworld. He presided over the trials of the dead. He was considered a chthonic deity- associated with the earth and underground as opposed to the sky or sea. The Greeks considered him somewhat pitiless and he was not well-loved; unsurprising for the god of death! He was also often referred to euphemistically, with names like "Clymenus" (the illustrious) and "Eubelus" (the giver of good counsel) due to Greek superstition. He was also known as "the hidden one" because he had a helmet that made him invisible. Like Poseidon and Zeus, he had several extramarital dalliances; although of an order of magnitude less, it seems. Myths By far the most notable myth about Hades is his abduction of Persephone; see Demeter’s section above for this myth. Athena Athena by Gustav Klimt, 1898 Goddess of: wisdom and reason, battle strategy/warfare, handicrafts, weaving. Patron goddess of Athens. Origin: Was the child of Zeus and Titan Metis. Fearing his child would usurp him, Zeus consumed the pregnant Metis. Later, he endured a "splitting" headache- until Hephaestus split open Zeus’ head with an axe and the fully-formed, armor-wearing Athena emerged. Usually Depicted As: Wearing body armor with a shield and a lance; or wearing a helmet and the aegis, her cape printed with the face of Medusa. Symbols and Icons: The owl, the olive tree, the goose, the serpent Major Relationships Had a close relationship with Zeus; often cited as his favorite child Was in many ways counterparts with Hephaestus, who wished to marry her; she refused Major Attributes She represents logic and rationality to such an extent that she cannot be "afflicted by Aphrodite"- she cannot fall in love. As such, she is a sworn virgin. She is also considered to have a somewhat androgynous aspect. She has a close relationship with Zeus and was thought to sit at his right hand and give her wise counsel when occasion required. As opposed to being aligned with natural forces, Athena is primarily a goddess of civilization. She was considered a force of power and wisdom who protected the law, the state, and social institutions. In many ways she is the opposite of her fellow sworn virgin goddess Artemis. As protector of the state, she also had an aspect as a goddess of warfare and battle; she was considered the goddess of military strategy. This stands in contrast to Ares, who was the god of thoughtless battle-lust. The Greeks took it as somewhat self-evident that Athena surpassed Ares in battle. She was considered, much like Hephaestus, a great innovator and creator of many of the useful crafts used by humankind. Pretty much any carefully-designed invention or craft commonly used for human industry was thought to be inspired or created by Athena. She was notably considered the inventor of weaving. She also created the olive tree. Athena was a particularly beloved goddess by the Greeks; she had many cult sites and they often sacrificed bulls to her. Myths We've already covered how Athena became patron goddess of Athens in the Poseidon section, but there are also other notable myths about her. Arachne: Arachne was a young Greek woman who claimed that she was a better weaver than Athena herself. Insulted, Athena challenged Arachne to a weaving contest. Athena wove scenes of the gods’ glories and triumphs, while Arachne wove scenes of the gods abusing mortals. There is some variation in exactly what happened- some versions claim that Arachne’s weaving was superior, and some that Athena won. However, Athena was enraged by Arachne’s insult to the gods through her woven scenes and turned her into a spider, weaving only webs. Bonus: Want to read more about spiders? Check out our articles on myths of the camel spider and why you shouldn't fear garden spiders. Hephaestus 1497 painting of Hephaestus by Andrea Mantegna God of: Craftsmen, blacksmiths, fire, volcanoes Origin: Typically considered a child of Hera and Hera alone. She conceived him herself, but when he was born crippled, she threw him out of the heavens. He was rescued and raised by Thetis and Eurynome. He was later welcomed back to Olympus after proving his skill as a craftsman. Depicted As: A middle-aged, bearded man with the tongs and hammer of a blacksmith, usually wearing a short-sleeved tunic and cap; sometimes riding a donkey. Sometimes visibly crippled; sometimes ugly, especially in post-ancient depictions. Symbols and Icons: Hammer, anvil/tongs, axe Major Relationships In some ways a counterpart to Athena; he initially wished to marry her but she rebuffed him. Married Aphrodite when his request to marry Athena was denied. Had a somewhat contentious relationship with his mother, Hera Major Attributes Hephaestus is notable for being the only primary Greek god of Olympus with a disability. Aphrodite was not happy to be married to him and engaged in an ongoing affair with Ares. Hephaestus was the craftsman of the gods and made many of their most prized possessions, for example: Hermes’ winged sandals Aphrodite’s’ girdle The chariot of Helios The armor of achilles Hephaestus taught man the crafts associated with smithing and as such was often worshiped in tandem with Athena, who was also associated with crafting. He was also known for his healing abilities; his priests were renowned for their knowledge of healing snake bites. Myths As Hephaestus was often ridiculed and mistreated for his lameness, many of his myths are about shaming those who cross and denigrate him- even the other gods. Aphrodite and Ares: Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, but they did not have a happy marriage. She had an ongoing affair with Ares, god of war. Helios, the Greek sun god, revealed the affair to Hephaestus when he saw the lovers cavorting together from his chariot above. Enraged, Hephaestus decided to lay a trap. He hung a fine-woven, invisible net above their trysting-place and told his wife he would be gone for some time. When Ares and Aphrodite were in flagrante delicto, the net dropped, trapping them in an amorous embrace. Hephaestus invited the gods to come view his unfaithful wife and her lover. The goddesses declined, but the men went to see. Hephaestus demanded back the bride-gifts he had paid for Aphrodite, but Zeus refused and told him they needed to work out the marital manner themselves. Ares was ordered to pay a fine to Hephaestus. None of this, of course, made Aphrodite faithful to Hephaestus. Aphrodite "The Birth of Venus" by Giorgio Vasari, 1556-1558 Goddess of: Love, passion, beauty, sex Origin: When Uranus was castrated by Kronos, his testicles were cast into the sea. Aphrodite rose from the foam that formed around the testicles. Depicted As: A beautiful, nude woman; or in a clothed, seated style similar to other Olympian goddesses Symbols and Icons: Apple, myrtle wreath, scallop shell, the dove, the swan, the rose, the pomegranate Major Relationships Unhappily married to Hephaestus Had an ongoing affair with Ares Had many children by different lovers, mortal and immortal Major Attributes "Aphros" means foam; while Aphrodite’s primary aspects were related to love and sex, she was also a goddess of the sea. She rescued shipwrecked sailors. She also guarded plants, and was (somewhat unsurprisingly) the goddess of prostitutes. In some regions she was also a Greek goddess of war and considered the lawful wife of Ares; her connection to war perhaps explains the coupling of Ares and Aphrodite throughout myth. She had a magic girdle made my Hephaestus that made the woman who wore it irresistible; she would loan it to Hera when Hera wished to recapture the attention of Zeus’ wandering eye! Unlike most of the other female gods, who tended to have a fairly limited number of lovers, Aphrodite was known for her many mortal and immortal lovers. She was known for her jealous nature; while she was very generous to her worshipers, she was spiteful to those who denied her. Myths Aphrodite myths typically concern her love affairs. Her liaison with Ares and the trap laid by Hephaestus was already described. Other than Ares, her most famous lover was Adonis. Aphrodite and Adonis: Adonis’ parentage is not consistent in myth, but in all accounts his pregnant mother was turned into a myrrh tree and he was born from the tree some time later. Aphrodite was taken with the baby and gave him into the care of Persephone. However, Persephone refused to give the child back. To solve the dispute, Zeus (or sometimes Calliope) decreed that Adonis would spend four months of the year with each goddess and the remaining four months however he chose. He decided to spend eight months of the year with Aphrodite. (It is unclear at exactly what point in the story Adonis becomes a young man and the lover of Aphrodite, but that is how he is typically depicted.) Unfortunately, Adonis is gored to death by a wild boar. In different versions of the myth, the boar is sent by a different god or goddess to take retribution against Aphrodite for some perceived wrongdoing. One of the most famous versions has her immortal lover Ares sending the boar to kill Adonis out of jealousy. Aphrodite hears Adonis’ cries and rushes to his side, where he dies in her arms. She turns his blood into the anemone flower. Adonis was actually a cult figure in ancient Greece and the subject of many mystery cults concerned with the Underworld, resurrection, and immortality. He and Aphrodite were sometimes worshiped in tandem as part of these cults. Ares Mars by Has Thoma, 19th century God of: war and battle (especially bloodlust), but also associated with courage and civil order Origin: Child of Zeus and Hera Depicted As: Either as a mature armored warrior or a nude youth, but almost always with his helmet. Symbols and Icons: Spear, woodpecker, vulture, dog, peaked warrior’s helmet Major Relationships Best-known relationship among the gods was as the lover of Aphrodite Also had many children, some by Aphrodite but most by others. Was accompanied into battle by his children with Aphrodite, Phobos and Deimos (Panic and Dread), and his sister, Eris (Strife) Major Attributes While Athena represented battle strategy and cunning, Ares represented bloodlust and battle frenzy- he enjoyed conflict for its own sake and was known to aid both sides by turns in the battles of men. In addition to battle and bloodshed, he was also said to cause plagues and epidemics. As an agent of violence and chaos, he was not well-loved by his parents or the other gods (except for by Aphrodite). Like most of the other male gods, he had many lovers, but Aphrodite was the most notable one. Because he was an agent of violence and chaos, he was not necessarily hugely popular across Greece. He was worshiped primarily in the northern parts. Additionally, the Spartans believed they were descended from him, and at a certain point in Spartan history he received human and dog sacrifices. He wore a golden helmet and bronze armor made by Hephaestus. Myths Some Ares myths have already been mentioned; he was humiliated by Hephaestus for his affair with Aphrodite, and he killed Adonis because he was jealous of Aphrodite’s love for him. But here’s one other: The Areopagus: The site where criminal trials were held was named after Ares because he was, in myth, the first being tried there. One day he came upon a son of Poseidon trying to rape his daughter, Alcippe. To protect her, he killed her assailant. Poseidon was furious and demanded justice for the death of his sons. A trial was held and twelve gods acquitted Ares, saying his violence was justified. Artemis Diana la Casadora, Pedro Lira, 19th century Goddess of: Nature, wild creatures, hunting and archery, virgins, childbirth, and witches Origin: She was a child of Zeus and Leto, delivered on the island of Delos because that was the only place that would offer Leto sanctuary from Hera’s wrath. Usually Depicted As: A girl or young woman with a bow and arrow, usually with a stag or hunting dog Symbols and Icons: Deer, cyprus, the moon, bear, palm tree Major Relationships Twin sister of Apollo Accompanied by many companions, including the Pleiades Major Attributes Her name is typically thought to mean "healthy" or "vigorous." Artemis is primarily a nature goddess and was often identified with local nature goddesses in her worship. As a young girl, she begged her father to be able to remain a virgin forever; he granted her wish. Priests and priestesses of Artemis took vows of chastity. Artemis protects women and wild animals, especially the young. She was a goddess of the natural world. In spite of her status as a virgin goddess she was also associated with childbirth. Hunting with her silver bow, she wanders the woods with her companions, who are mostly female. Some of her notable companions include the Pleiades, the seven sisters. However, several of the Pleiades did not remain virgins and ended up having children, like Maia, who bore Hermes to Zeus. She was considered responsible for the sudden deaths of girls and women, but could also protect, cure, and heal these things. Her twin brother Apollo was in many ways her counterpart; they had a close and complementary relationship. Some traditions placed them as husband and wife, but this is not the most common interpretation. Myths The most famous myth about Artemis is the myth of Actaeon. Actaeon and Artemis: The young hunter Actaeon came upon Artemis bathing naked in a woodland spring. He was so struck by Artemis’ beauty that he remained to watch and was discovered by the goddess. As punishment for his transgression, she turned him into a stag, and he was hunted down and ripped to pieces by his own hunting dogs. Apollo Rosalba Carriera, Apollo, 18th century God of: Prophecy, the sun, music, poetry, the arts, archery, healing Origin: Child of Zeus and Leto; born on Delos Usually Depicted As: A beardless, beautiful youth (naked or robed), often holding a lyre Symbols and Icons: The lyre; eagles, snakes, crows, cicadas, wolves, dolphins, ravens, the laurel tree, the number 7 Major Relationships Twin of Artemis Major Attributes Apollo was one of the most widely worshiped and beloved Greek gods of Olympus. Like many of the gods, Apollo had a somewhat dualistic aspect; he was both the patron of the most civilized arts, like music and poetry, and capable of extremely violent and barbaric acts. Apollo was a close counterpart to his sister, Artemis. While she was a goddess of wild nature, he was much more closely associated with civilization; she was connected with the moon and he with the sun; while she was thought to be responsible for the sudden deaths of women and girls, his arrows caused the sudden death of men and boys. Artemis had a silver bow, and he had a wooden one. Both gods also had a healing aspect. As a god of civilization, Apollo protects flocks and cattle and the founding of towns. Additionally, Apollo was a god of prophecy; one of the most famous oracles in Greece, the oracle at Delphi, was dedicated to him. And of course, like many of the gods, he was known for his many lovers, male and female- although he was not very lucky in love, with many of his pursuits and affairs having tragic ends. Myths Many of the myths of Apollo center around his unfortunate pursuits of women and men. Daphne: Apollo loved the beautiful Daphne, who had sworn to remain a virgin. He chased her until she could run no more. She cried out to her grandfather, river god Peneus, for aid. He turned her into a laurel tree so that Apollo could not touch her and she could remain forever a virgin. Cassandra: Apollo gave Cassandra, a princess of Troy, the gift of prophecy in an effort to win her affections. When she rejected his advances, he cursed her that no one would ever believe her prophecies. Hyacinthus: The beautiful young man Hyacinthus was one of the lovers of the god Apollo. However, the west wind, Zephyr, also loved Hyacinthus and was jealous. So one day when Apollo and Hyacinthus were taking turns throwing the discus, Zephyr blew Apollo’s discus off-course, causing it to strike and kill Hyacinthus. Apollo turned the dying man’s blood into a flower, the Hyacinth. Hermes Photo of ancient Hermes vase by Nicolas Vollmer God of: Travel and trade, eloquence and insight, luck and the unexpected, athletes, messenger of the gods, bringer of dreams Origin: Child of Zeus and Maia, one of the Pleiades Depicted As: Typically depicted with his winged sandals and hat, sometimes with a sheep on one shoulder Symbols and Icons: Winged sandals, winged helmet, caduceus (a winged staff with two snakes twined around it), rooster, tortoise, ram, hare, crocus Major Relationships In many ways, Hermes was somewhat of a loner god; he interacted with most all the gods but did not necessarily have a close association with any of them However, he did father Hermaphroditus with Aphrodite. Major Attributes "Hermes" is probably derived from "herma," the heaps of stones that indicated boundaries and marked landmarks. As the messenger god, Hermes was both a god of travel and of social communication. He protected travellers and guarded those who crossed boundaries. He had a mischievous, trickster aspect; he was the god of all communication and eloquence, whether it was honest or not. He was frequently able to get away with deception simply because he was so charming! He also guarded thieves and prostitutes. As a figure of craft and cunning, he was credited with many inventions, including the lyre, music, the alphabet, numbers, measures, weights, astronomy, combat, and gymnastics. As a messenger, he was also considered a god of diplomacy and protected embassies and diplomats. He was a god of dreams in his messenger aspect as well. Finally, he was tasked with leading the souls of the dead to the underworld, and was one of the only gods with free passage to and from there. Myths Hermes had a particularly illustrious childhood, engaging in wild feats as soon as he emerged from the womb. The Cattle of Apollo and the Lyre: The day Hermes was born, he left his cradle to look for adventure. He decided to steal 50 cows from Apollo’s herds. Using trickery and cleverness he covered all the tracks so his crime couldn’t be traced. After a long and fruitless search, Apollo finally used his own oracular powers to find Hermes. Hermes denied stealing the cows, but Apollo didn’t believe him and brought him before Zeus. Zeus was delighted with Hermes’ cleverness and did not punish him, only ordered him to return the cattle. When it came time to return the cattle, Apollo found Hermes playing a new instrument he had just made out of a turtle shell- the lyre. Apollo offered to let Hermes keep the cattle in exchange for the lyre. Hermes agreed, and the gods were friends from that moment on. Dionysus Reproduction of plate depicting Dionysus by Arthur Elam Haigh (1896) God of: wine and drunkenness, celebration and festivity, but also madness and frenzy. Origin: Child of Zeus and Semele. Considered "twice-born" because his mother died while pregnant with him after beholding the full glory of Zeus. Zeus saved the child by carrying him to term in his own thigh. Depicted As: Earlier he was portrayed as a bearded man and later as a beautiful, but somewhat androgynous, young man Symbols and Icons: Grapes, the thyrsos (a pine-cone tipped-staff), panthers and leopards, the wine cup, the ivy wreath Major Relationships Married to Ariadne, daughter of Minos, a Cretan king. Lover of Aphrodite; she bore Priapus by him Major Attributes Dionysus was connected with wine, drunkenness, festivity, fellowship, and nature. His cult was also associated with art and literature. However, there was a dark side to his worship, as he was connected also to frenzy and madness- the untamed wildness both of nature and of drink. His entourage consisted of wild spirits of fertility, like the sileni and the satyrs. He was also considered to have power as a prophetic deity and a healer of illness. In his aspect as a nature god he was the protector of trees. He was considered somewhat effeminate or androgynous in nature. The ecstatic nature of his worship attracted many female followers, but was not as popular among men, who were uncomfortable with the female wildness associated with his rites. Myths There are not a huge number of myths centered on Dionysus, but he does feature in one well-known story. King Midas: For King Midas' hospitality to Dionysus’ foster father, Silenus, Dionysus offered the king whatever boon he wished. Midas wished that everything he touched would turn to gold. Realizing that he could not eat or drink and even turning his own daughter to gold, Midas repented of his choice of gift and prayed to Dionysus to take it away. Dionysus told him to wash in the nearby river and the gift would be taken. Minor Gods As there are literally hundreds of Greek gods and goddesses, this is not a comprehensive list. But we have outlined the most notable greek gods and goddesses other than the Twelve Olympians. Atlas- Titan Who Holds Up the Sky Atlas by Guercino, 1646 Atlas was a Titan, the Son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Clymene or Asia. He was was in the Titan army that fought against Zeus and the Olympians; as punishment he was made to bear the weight of the heavens. In art he is typically depicted as a man holding up the sky or the stars Persephone- Goddess of Spring, Queen of the Underworld The Spring Witch by George Wilson, circa 1880 Persephone was the daughter of Demeter and Zeus; the story of her abduction by Hades was detailed above. Many of her attributes as a goddess revolve around this tale. Her return to the surface world at the end of winter is what caused spring to begin as her mother allowed new growth, and her journey to Hades in the autumn caused plants to wither and die as her mother killed living things in her grief. Thus she became known as a Spring goddess as well as the Queen of the Underworld. She was worshiped with her mother as part of the Eleusinian mysteries and associated with immortality because of her cyclical passage into the underworld and return to the surface world. In her dual aspect as the bringer of spring and the queen of the Underworld, she was associated with both life and death. She is known for either bestowing favors or her wrath on the many heroic visitors to the Underworld in myth. She aided Hades in cursing the souls of the dead when necessary. Sometimes she was known as the mother of the Erinyes (the Furies) with Hades, but not always. She was depicted both as a young agriculture goddess with her mother, with a torch and sheaves of wheat, and as the throned Queen of the Underworld, sometimes besides Hades. Her major symbols are the torch, wheat, and the pomegranate. Eos- Goddess of the Dawn Evelyn de Morgan, Eos, 1895 Eos, Greek goddess of the Dawn, was the child of Titans Hyperion and Thea and the sister of Helios, the sun, and Selene, the moon. She is most notable in myth for drawing the ire of Aphrodite after taking Ares as a lover. The jealous goddess cursed her with insatiable lust, leading her to kidnap a number of handsome mortals. Eros- God of Love, Passion, and Fertility Red-figure plate with Eros by Ascoli Satriano Painter, circa 340-320 BC. Courtesy of the Walters Art Museum. Eros was originally considered one of the very first Greek gods- the son of Chaos who allowed for not only love, but fertility to come into the universe. Through the power of Eros other gods were able to reproduce and the universe as we know it was arranged. In later years, Eros was demoted to a mere son of Aphrodite (with Zeus, Ares, or Hermes depending on the tale) and simply an ancillary assistant to her powers of love, sex, and fertility. Hecate- Goddess of Witchcraft Maximilin Pirner, Hecate, 1901. Hecate, daughter of Titans Perses and Asteria, assisted Demeter in her search for Persephone, lending her torches so the search could continue into the night. When Persephone was found, Hecate remained below with Persephone and became an underworld goddess. Hecate supervised religious rites, was the mistress of demons, and was the patroness of witches. She was accompanied at all times by a black cat and a black dog. Her shrines were found at crossroads, and the Greeks would lay sacrifices at crossroads during full moons to worship her. Hecate was a goddess that most Greeks worshiped specifically to avoid the misfortunes she had the power to visit upon them. Helios- God of the Sun Relief of Helios, circa 390-275 BC Helios, Greek god of the sun, was the child of Titans Hyperion and Thea and the brother of Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn. He was sometimes called the "All-seeing" because he was said to see all that passed on earth from his chariot that pulled the sun across the sky. Helios was sometimes equated with Apollo, who was also associated with the sun, but they did have separate identities as deities. Hestia- Goddess of the Hearth and Domesticity Hestia tapestry, 6th century Egypt Hestia was the first child of the Titans Kronos and Rhea, making her sister to Zeus, Hera, Demeter, Poseidon, and Hades. Some accounts place Hestia as one of the twelve Olympians; others say that she abdicated her place in favor of Dionysus so that the number could remain twelve. After both Poseidon and Apollo sought to marry her, Hestia petitioned Zeus to remain a virgin. He granted her request and made her the presiding figure over all sacrifices. She was worshiped mostly with a shrine in every family hearth, as opposed to publicly, but Greeks took the sacred fire of Hestia with them whenever they went to establish new settlements. As she never leaves her home in Olympus, she is also associated with rest and sanctuary. She is closely associated with the family and domesticity. Her symbols are fruit, oil, wine, and one-year-old cows. Iris- Goddess of the Rainbow, Messenger of the Gods Vase painting of Iris by the Diosphos painter, circa 500-490 BC; photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen Iris, like Hermes, was a messenger of the gods. Iris served as the messenger for the Olympians during the Titomachy- the war with the Titans. Associated with the rainbow, she could travel all the way from the heavens across the earth and into the underworld. Se was the child of Thaumus and the Oceanid Electra. Nike- Goddess of Victory Sculpture of Nike at Ephesus, photo by Laszlo Ilyes Nike, daughter of the giant Pallas and the river Styx, was the Greek goddess of victory. However, she did not have her own cult; she was primarily considered an attribute of Athena and Zeus. She was usually depicted with wings, carrying a palm branch, wreath, or staff to carry the message of victory. She later came to symbolize all kinds of success, not just martial victory. Nyx- Goddess of Nyx Nyx, Night Goddess by Gustave Moreau, 1880 Nyx, or night, was one of the four original forces that emerged from Chaos. Alone and with various partners, she bore many deities who functioned as the most primordial of forces. She bore Aether (Brightness) and Hemera (Day) with Erebus (Darkness). Her children that she bore alone included Hypnos (Sleep), Thanatos (Death), Geras (Old Age), the Moirai (the Fates, sometimes said to be borne with Hades), Nemesis (Retribution), Eris (Strife), and the Oneiroi (Dreams). While she was not widely worshiped, her great power was acknowledged; it was said that even Zeus feared her power and majesty. Pan- God of Fertility, Nature, Shepherds, and Goatherds Painting of Pan, Arnold Bocklin, 1864-1865 The child of Hermes and Dryope, Pan was born with the horns, legs, and ears of a goat. When he was born, his mother was so alarmed by his animalistic appearance that she ran away screaming- hence the term "panic." Pan was a god of untamed nature and lusty fertility. He was known for his many amorous pursuits and his pipe-playing ability. Interestingly, many of his goatlike characteristics later became associated with Christian conceptions of the Devil! Selene- Goddess of the Moon Albert Aublet, Selene, 1880 Selene was the Greek goddess of the moon, worshiped primarily at the new and full moons. She was the child of Titans Hyperion and Thea and sister of Helios and Eos. Other than her aspect as moon goddess, Selene is known primarily for her relationship with her mortal lover Endymion, her sleeping prince, who wakes only when she visits him and so never ages or dies. Selene is typically represented as a woman crowned with the crescent moon, driving a chariot. Themis- Goddess of Justice, Wisdom, and Divine Law School of Marcello Bacciarelli, early 18th century, Allegory of Justice- Themis Themis, a child of Uranus and Gaea, was Zeus’ second consort before he married Hera; with him she bore the Horae (the goddesses of the seasons and time). Sometimes the Moirai (the fates) and the Hesperides are also listed as children of Themis and Zeus. As the personification of divine law, Themis was fairly widely worshiped in Greece. She was considered a goddess of order who supervised rituals and ceremonies. She was also connected with prophecy and oracles. Themis is typically depicted as a serious woman carrying scales. 3 Famous Greek Goddess Groups Many minor Greek deities were conceived of as groups of beings, usually goddesses who were sisters. While this is not a comprehensive list, we have identified some of the most important groups of Greek goddesses here. The Furies- Goddesses of Vengance Megaera, Tisiphone, and Alecto by Gustave Dore The Furies (or the "Erinyes," the angry ones) were Greek goddesses of vengeance, possibly identified as personified curses or the ghosts of the murdered. Sometimes they are described as children of Gaia and Uranus who sprang up from the blood of Uranus’ severed genitals, while in other tellings they are the daughters of Nyx and Hades. They reside in the underworld, but pursue the wicked across the surface of the earth. They could torment an entire community for an unpunished crime. They were usually depicted as grim young women wearing black mourning attire. It was only later that the number and identity of the individual furies was established. There were thought to be three: Alecto ("unceasing in anger") Tisiphone (avenger of murder") Megaera ("jealous") Due to Greek superstition, they were often referred to euphemistically as the Eumenides ("the kind ones") or the Semnai Theai ("venerable goddesses.") The Muses- Goddesses of Art and Science The Dance of the Muses by Joseph Paelinck, 1832 The muses, daughters of Zeus and the Titan Mnemosyne ("memory"), were the group of Greek goddesses considered responsible for artistic (and sometimes scientific) inspiration. The were the patronesses of poets, artists, musicians, dancers, seekers of knowledge, and so on. They were led by Apollo and associated with wells and springs. The muses were unmarried but various muses gave birth to many famous mythic figures, like Orpheus, Hyacinthus, and the Sirens. In some early accounts there are only three muses, but the standard number is nine. While the Greeks would have primarily considered the muses a unit, the Romans ascribed specific artistic and scientific domains to each muse, although not in a standardized way. Clio, "the proclaimer"- history Euterpe, "the well-pleasing"- tragedy or music/flutes/lyric poetry Thalia, "the blooming"- comedy Melpomene, "the songstress"- tragedy and lyre playing Terpsichore, "delighting in the dance"- lyric poetry, dancing, and/or flute playing (origin of the word "terpsichorean"- pertaining to dancing) Erato, "the lovely"- lyric and love poetry Polyhymnia, "she of the many hymns"- sacred poetry, or mimicry, or dancing, or geometry Urania, "the heavenly"- astronomy Calliope, "she of the beautiful voice"- heroic or epic poetry; most notable of the nine muses The Fates- Goddesses of Destiny The Three Fates, Bernardo Strozzi, before 1664 Goddesses of: Human destiny About These Goddesses: These Greek goddesses, known as the Moirai, were considered daughters of Nyx or, less frequently, daughters of Zeus and Themis. They determined mortals' lifespans and their shares of misery and suffering and were imagined as three very old women who quite literally spun the thread that made up individual human destiny: Clotho, "spinner"- spun the thread of human fate Lachesis, "allotter"- dispensed the thread Atropos, "inflexible"- cut it (causing death) Greek Gods Family Tree Below see the family tree of the main Olympian Greek gods and goddesses as it is most commonly understood today. However, it’s important to emphasize that the relationships between the gods were not static and shifted over time, sometimes dramatically- as we see with Eros, who was originally considered one of the original children of Chaos and later became a mere son of Aphrodite, no longer one of the primordial forces that shaped the initial universe. On this Greek gods family tree, a single arrow shows offspring, with branching arrows representing siblings. A double line bond means a partnership of marriage and/or children. The pink boxes indicate the Twelve Olympians. The Worship of the Greek Goddesses and Gods Greek worship involved rites, oracles, sacrifices, and festivals. The most formal elements of worship were place-based: gods were worshiped at their own particular temples and sacred sites through specific rites and rituals. Priests (and/or priestesses) to a particular god would oversee the rites associated with that god, which often involved animal sacrifice and the pouring of wine (the libration). Priests and priestesses also interpreted oracles at sacred oracle sites like Delphi. Interestingly, many priestesses either had to be virgins or past menopause. Outside of more formal rites, Greek citizens also offered sacrifices to particular gods to give thanks or to invoke their protection. They might also pray to the appropriate god for a particular concern or issue, and make some kind of offering if they felt the prayer was answered. The other main component of Greek worship was the festival. Festivals centered around music, theatre, and sports (like the Olympics!) were held to honor the gods. Those are some general trends in worship. However, it is difficult to make absolute statements on exactly how specific gods were worshiped, because a lot of worship was very localized. Different city-states had their own preeminent deities, and might worship particular deities in different ways. Furthermore, ideas about the gods and how they were related to each other, especially in terms of marriage and parentage, were constantly shifting over time. Newer gods (for example, from neighboring countries) were often incorporated into the pantheon, and some gods would be combined or fade in eminence over time. Nonetheless, the main figures of the Greek pantheon and the mythology surrounding them were clearly well-developed by around the 8th B.C., when Homer crafted the Iliad and the Odyssey. However, it’s worth noting that just because a god was included in the twelve Olympians does not mean they were widely worshiped- for example, there was very little worship of Hades. Conversely, some very widely worshiped figures were not in the main Olympian pantheon, like Themis. Due to close contact between the Greeks and Romans, the Roman pantheon was very influenced by Greek mythology, and many Roman gods took on the attributes and myths of similar Greek gods. Some Greek gods are also worshiped today, as part of Neo-pagan religions. The theater was often part of religious festivals in ancient Greece. Greek Goddesses and Gods Today The Greek gods continue to be a source of fascination and inspiration in all areas of human endeavor. There have been many operas, ballets, and theater productions based on Greek myth throughout all of history. The Greek gods were a huge inspiration to Romantic and Neoclassical artists and poets. More recently, the Greek gods have inspired tons of movies, TV shows, books, comic books, and video games. Some notable pop-culture works that have borrowed or adapted Greek mythology include: The 1997 Disney movie Hercules TV show Xena: Warrior Princess The 1981 and 2010 films Clash of the Titans Wonder Woman comics The Percy Jackson book series by Rick Riordan The God of War video game franchise Additionally, many astronomical bodies like asteroids and asteroid belts, moons, stars, planets, and comets are named for figures of Greek and Roman mythology. Most of the planets in our own solar system are named for Roman deities, but many of the moons and asteroids are named for Greek deities. For example, the Demeter asteroid belt, Themis, a moon of Saturn, and Eris, a dwarf planet. L. Calà §ada and Nick Risinger, artistic rendering of dwarf planet Eris The Greek Gods and Goddesses: Key Points to Remember Unlike modern gods, who are generally thought of as benevolent and all-knowing, Greek gods personified the forces that organized and drove the world. As such, they were just as often petty and violent as they were just and magnanimous within Greek myth. Within myth, the Olympian gods rose to power after a war with the Titans. The Twelve Olympians were: Zeus, king of the gods and god of storms Hera, wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage and childbirth, the heavens Poseidon, god of the sea Demeter, goddess of agriculture and fertility Hades, god of the underworld Athena, goddess of wisdom, craftsmanship, war Hephaestus, god of smiths and fire Aphrodite, goddess of love, passion, and fertility Ares, god of war and battle frenzy Artemis, goddess of the hunt and nature Apollo, god of prophecy, the arts, music, and healing Hermes, messenger of the gods, god of travelers Dionysus, god of wine, celebration, and frenzy In addition to the Twelve Olympians, there were also hundreds of other gods worshiped throughout Greece. Some were mostly considered aspects or minions of more major deities, while others had robust cults of their own. What's Next? The Greek gods and goddesses may have gotten up to some crazy shenanigans, but they served as inspiration for religions that followed. Learn about the 20th-century's Aleister Crowley and the multiple religions he was involved in here. What is agnosticism and what does it mean to be agnostic? Find out with our guide to the origin of the term and how agnosticism is practiced.