Cochlear Implant RST

It doesn't change them it just makes their smile brighter. People get haircuts to express who they are, or who they want to be, but it doesn't change who the eye actually are, it just makes them kick the way they want to. The same thing goes for a cochlea r implant. It enhances the possibilities of hearing for a deaf person, but it will never change e who they are because they will always be deaf. That's why deaf people should get cochlear I implants because they will not change their identity.In the movie Sound and Fury a young girl's parents restrain her from getting a cochlear implant in the fear that it will change her identity in the deaf world. There is al so a young boy whose parents are judged and tormented for deciding to implant him with a c cochlear implant. Both families want their children to play a role in the deaf community, but boot h families are told that with a cochlear implant, that could never happen. The parents of the you Eng girl are introduced to another youn g girl who was implanted to see if it was really right t for their daughter.The young girl was so accustomed to hearing that she didn't sign a ND she spoke clearly. It was clear that the little girl most likely wasn't aware she was even deaf. This upset the parents ND pretty much made their decision for them; they would never implant thee r child. Ironically six years later the daughter, along with her siblings and her own mother get t he implants and say how much their lives have improved. They said it made their daughters life EAI sire and they regretted not doing it when she was younger.And of course the girls role in the e deaf community did not change, but she gained a spot in the hearing world as well, which is w hat a cochlear implant really does. Now on the other side of that family, a deaf child is born and his parent s decide to implant IM, but receive a lot of hate from the deaf community. Part of the fact of so much resentment towards the device is that around the time t he film â€Å"Sound and Fury† was ma De, the cochlear implants were just being introduced and it really offended the deaf community y that someone made something to fix deafness.It made them feel as if people thought Of De apneas as a disability. They wondered why anyone would want to change themselves fro m being deaf and being part of such a wonderful community. The mother of the daughter who was the mother of the deaf child even called her own daughter â€Å"a lousy daughter†. In reality the mother wasn't implanting his son because she wanted to rebel against her parents, it was be cause she knew that although deafness is not a disability it is also not an enhancement to your life.She knew that her boy would have many more opportunities in life if he could hear, and although h that sounds like it's shaming deafness, it isn't. No matter whether you implant your child or give e him a hearing aid, it will never change them, just help them reach their potential easier. In the article Letting the deaf Be Deaf: Reconsidering the use of cochlear implants in prevailingly deaf children t expresses the difference between a hearing parent deciding whether or not to get their child implanted and a deaf parent deciding whether or not to get their child implanted.The choice is easy for a hearing parent because deciding if they WA NT the baby to hear is basically just saying let it be like us. While a deaf parent is the exact opposite. Deaf parents are the ones that have to make the decision to change their baby's life, by making them hearing, different than themselves. ‘T he cochlear implant is intended to help the deaf child ultimately learn an oral language and, in so doing, to facilitate the assimilation of the IM Lansing child into the mainstream hearing culture† (Crouch).While this statement is correct , the implant doesn't have to completely destroy deaf culture for the child. The child should still be taught sign language, and be introduc ed to people in the deaf community. If it is so import tan for the parents that their child be part of the deaf community, while still being in the hearing world, they will put in the effort. Sound and Fury; or, Much Ado about Nothing? Cochlear Implants in Historical Perspective it states â€Å"Cochlear implants are only the latest example of medical interventions promising to cure deafness† (Edwards).This statement itself is a brief summary of why the deaf community was so resentful towards the device in the first place . When hearing people say that there is a cure for deafness, it obviously upsets deaf people. T hey don't view themselves as having a disease, and they really don't have one, but as soon as someone from the hearing world challenges that opinion, all hell breaks loose. The deaf common tit could have just rejected the idea of the cochlear implants all together, but once people under stood it wasn't a cure, just additional help, they started to accept it. When d eaf people heard the e word cure, they panicked.They worried there would be no more deaf culture, and that the De oaf community would die off. Cure meant change to them, that everything in their lives would change e, which is why some people think the implants will change their identity. But that will never h append because no matter what, you will always be deaf. If you get hearing aids, once you take the me off you're no longer capable of hearing. The same thing goes for the implant. The implant it self is not capable of wiping out a culture, it is the responsibility of the parents of the deaf child n to keep the culture and the community alive.

Internnational Negotiations Reflective Essay

Final Reflective Essay To begin with, I would like to say that the course of International Negotiations was very important for me. It lasted only two weeks but this time was enough to understand many things, to have good lessons and real negotiations that changed my life. It is not â€Å"loud words†; it is what I feel like now. First of all, the course began with meeting people of the group, learning nationalities and understanding what is real international negotiations are. In different tasks of lesson I tried to know more about the way of doing negotiations with different people.I am convinced that different ways of thinking and cultures make negotiations special. You can know rules of doing negotiations but it is not all. You also need to know a person, sometimes his culture and set of mind. These two weeks showed me that different cultural sets of mind are very difficult to overcome. In some moments I could not do it and I lost because of it. However, this is the point of international negotiations when you are dealing with different people from other countries. First negotiations in this class showed me that I was not prepared well for them.It was difficult for me, because I was not sure if I was negotiating in the right way or not. I think that when you have real negotiations you have more time to do your homework, to set up your goals and results which you want to get. It is always easier when you know your target, points which you can lose or gain. In my case, I realized how to do it after the third lesson when we tried to negotiate about multiple issues. Negotiations are not simple things. Sometimes you need to lose in some moments to gain in main one.Now I can see it, I can feel when it is important something for a person or not. In negotiations you always have a chance to know it. If somebody gives up very quickly it means that this issue or moment does not play a great role for him. Moreover, in the beginning of this course I thought that I am a risk-averse person. I did not like to take a risk because of fear of losing more. However, after this course I realized that I can be risk-seeking and I want to take a risk in some moment, but it is very ifficult to negotiate with a person with opposite opinion, especially when you are in one team. Difference in risk attitudes can fail your negotiations. It happened to me after the course. I had the negotiations with the person from other country. I thought that we were in one team, I wanted to take a risk, but he did not. Our negotiations failed, especially for me. I tried to make it works but I could not. I think that we had such kind of negotiations when our bargaining zones did not cross.We could not to find solutions and ways to make a deal, so it failed. Maybe, if it was more important for us and we could not refuse of it we would make a deal. In conclusion I would like to say that the success of negotiations is in ability to understand the problem in your negotiations. Y ou also need to find ways of solving the problem that are suitable for all partners. It is the most difficult part. To implement your decision you need to know your partner, to know his goals, main issues or moments that he does not care about.It is very important for me in negotiations to know the person, sometimes his way of thinking, his set of mind. Moreover, after the course I realized that in some moments I want to take risk, I want to be risk-seeking. However, there are situations when negotiations fail. I am convinced that in such cases I need to try more to make it happens, to make a deal. However, sometimes it does not work not because of you, but because of your partner. All partners should put efforts into the negotiations and they will reach the solution.

Administration and Politics Dichotomy

Woodrow Wilson’s essay, â€Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), is about the separation of politics and administration in public administration. There is still a lot of debating among politicians and scholars alike whether this dichotomy is practical or not. There are some advantages and disadvantages about this theory. Wilson believed that it was needed to discover what the government could successfully do and how it could be done more efficiently; that the government needed to be reformed. He developed this theory because of increased corruption, urbanization and immigration.Due to these issues, he believed that less qualified people were getting public service jobs, therefore contributing to the increasing inefficiency of public administration. Wilson felt that politics should determine what the government should actually do and be decided by elected representatives. He believed administration should be the ones to put these policies into effect by appointed civil servants. In a euphoric world a political administration dichotomy would provide a solid foundation to a nation. It could even be beneficial in a society that is evolving; such as Administration and Politics Dichotomy 2 ne coming out of a third world status, the fall of a dictatorship, or even the overthrow of communism or socialism. This form of government can work well at a small town environment where there is a town manager to run the day to day operations of the community and a board of alderman (possibly also known as town council) that creates the laws the community operates under. That being said, it is my opinion that in today’s United States of America, separating politics and administration is not something that can be done successfully.Throughout the years politics has become more complicated, which means the line etween them has become very blurry. All levels of the government have come to rely on each other more and more. For example, every day new policies and laws are made or amended, and that means more people on more levels need to be consulted. Life is ever- changing, and so are all of the policies. The major advantage of implementing political administration dichotomy is politicians and administrators would be operating of the same philosophy of doing the right thing and not off of doing what each political party says. It could provide rationale Administration and Politics Dichotomy 3 or insulating the practice of public administration from political interference. A disadvantage of implementing a political administration dichotomy at the national level in a modern industrial nation that was previously run by a democratic government, such as the United States of America, would require having an exclusive relationship between the politicians who create political policies and the public administrators who oversee the administrative processes. This would remove the check and balance system established in the United States Constitution. These checks and balances have become the foundation of law in this country.Wilson’s public administration dichotomy theory would make the governmental life so much simpler. Unfortunately, the world and the people in it are anything but simple. To believe that we could have one group of people make up the policies, and another to put those in to action without those people relying on each other’s opinions and knowledge is absurd. The idea is so simple, but implementing it would be so complicated. The debate about the practicality of this dichotomy had been going on since it was written in 1887, and will probably still Administration and Politics Dichotomy

AED Capstone Question WK9 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AED Capstone Question WK9 - Personal Statement Example The teachers make sure that students learn with comfort. They provide the adaptations and the assistive technologies that learners need. They also deliver instructions and manage the learning environment well (Davil & Mc Learby, 2007). Special educators in America perform many duties including non instructional ones. This strengthens special education. Parents, on the other hand, take good care of their children and they do not feel ashamed by the disability. The teachers are however faced with challenges that can in turn weaken the special education system. Teachers experience role ambiguity whereby they get various unclear directives from many people. In addition to that, the workload and the number of students is too large for one teacher to handle. In reference to this, school administrators do not support what they do and so the load is left to the teachers. Another thing that can weaken the system is the difficult assignments given to the students to tackle. In conclusion, teachers need to treat special needs students with care, fairness and respect to enable the students feel like they are normal people. From the analysis above, it is worth noting that special education in America has more strengths than weaknesses. In America today, people embrace special education because every human being, whether with disability or not, deserves to get

Comparison of Finkel and O'Brian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of Finkel and O'Brian - Essay Example O’Brian in his book â€Å"How to Tell a War story† illustrates on events during a war and the art of telling those events. He paints on a vivid picture of war and the effects it has on people involved in it. This makes the story true and very realistic as it drives a point in today’s life because war has become a big part of life in the recent times. Considering the book wrote by Finkel, â€Å"The Good Soldiers,† he made art out of the crucial moments in history. His book is the most honest, agonizing, and vividly made accounts of the current war. It captures the horror nature of war. It actually reveals the fact about war and explains what happened in real life. According to the story Finkel tells about war, being a journalist who is supposed to report on facts, I truly think that he is actually telling the truth in his story. According to what he explains in the book, he witnessed and in reality interacted with the victims who were involved in the war, t he soldiers. He wrote the story from the stories he was told by the victims concerning what they experienced during the struggle. This shows clearly that Finkel did not make up the story as a fiction but was a fact that happened in reality.   O’Brian described that a true war story is never moral. He explained that a true war story does not instruct or even encourage virtues. ...   Ã‚  Finkel as a journalist witnessed the 2-16 battalion because he spent eight months with the solders who were involved in the war. The soldiers therefore told him what they experienced in the war struggles and how they lost some of their fellows and some being wounded. From these stories, Finkel managed to write the real experience of war expressing the pain, sorrow, death and destruction as they were experienced by the soldiers. This is also clear evidence that the story is very true.  Ã‚  Finkel described the horrible situation of war which ended in death and destruction. When he was writing the book, he got some stories and ideas from the soldiers who at first thought that he had ill motives with the book. His main idea was to use the book to write about the battalion experience of infantry soldiers and character in the lost moment during the Iraq war. He expresses all his opinions and feelings about war in the story. The story is really explains real; facts about war. Fin kel is very realistic in his story because during the events, he was present and witnessed the situation having coming into contact with the soldiers, â€Å"Here came the explosion. It came through the door†¦. It came through the good soldiers.† He made clear facts that the soldiers were wounded in the war. He further described war as hell due to the fact that decent men were sent to fights where they were wounded and killed creating a lot of fear and grief. â€Å"The battalion chaplain was in search of a quick business in soldiers wishing to unburden their grief, fear and desperation.† O’Brian in the chapter â€Å"How to Tell a War Story† also illustrates how young and innocent men are s-end in fights where they later suffer

Explain The raise and the fall of keynesianism Essay

Explain The raise and the fall of keynesianism - Essay Example This stems from the belief that unemployment is a result of insufficient demand for services and goods. This view was neoclassical and is defined as a ‘demand-side’ theory whose focus is short-run, in which aggregate demand strongly influences economic output especially during economic fluctuations such as recessions. Keynesianism was so much attached to the government policies in its advocacy (Keynes and Krugman, 2007). Keynes asserted that investment is a dynamic factor that determines the height of economic activity by responding to future expectations as well as interest rate variations. In this sense, he maintained that full employment could be fostered through deliberate action by the government. Such direct government influence on goods and services demand could be in terms of changing public expenditures and tax policies. The rise of Keynesian economics took place during later periods of World War II, the Great Depression, as well as the economic expansion after the war that is from around 1945 to 1973. Keynesianism was portrayed as a rational, beneficial, scientific advance in economic management providing a basis for triumphing over the crisis of capitalism and creation of just capitalist societies (Keynes and Krugman, 2007). The theories proposed by Keynes in the course of and after World War II gained worldwide influence and their adoption was an integral part of establishing new patterns of relations between labour and capital. This forms the basis on which the term Keynesianism is used often in broad reference to patterns of economic and political relations, which are associated with those policies and theories. The broad concept of employment, curiosity, and money proved to be a unique contribution that was acceptable to economic and political establishments propagating the spread of Keynes’s policies as well as theoretical ideas. Keynes was keen to oppose his theories to and

Retailing and Wholesaling MBA (Masters Level) Essay

Retailing and Wholesaling MBA (Masters Level) - Essay Example Value-added resellers normally have a disadvantage in cost structure compared to channel members that compete mainly on the basis of price or convenience, such as discount stores or mail-order firms. This means that the value-added reseller in a diverse multiple channel context must either (1) charge a higher price than other channel members based on the provision of valued services or (2) live with a relatively small gross margin (Dunne and Lusch 2007). Professor Leo Aspinwall advanced the depot theory to explain some of the reasons for the changes that have occurred in the physical handling and storing of goods, the growth of manufacturers' wholesale branches, and the changing position of general-line wholesaling. The depot theory of distribution states that goods tend to move toward the point of final consumption at a rate established by the ultimate consumer. The theory views depots as places that move rather than store goods -- that get goods to retailers at the lowest handling and transportation costs (Dunne and Lusch 2007). Accordingly, a steady flow of goods is envisaged from production to final consumption. The intermediaries facilitating the flow are in essence depots that perform a largely service function on the basis of costs of services performed, and so tend to eliminate merchandising profits. For example, backward integration of retail food chains and cost-plus wholesalers illustrate the performance of the depot func tion and the elimination of merchandising costs (Dunne and Lusch 2007). If the retailer links with independent channel members in one or several of its multiple channels (e.g., it uses independent sales representatives), the same basic challenges faced by the manufacturer in utilizing multiple channels could be faced by the retailer as well. Intrabrand or intratype competition could be heightened in the territories served by the retailer's multiple channels, prices and margins could be reduced, conflicts and alienation could arise, and support and control could wane (at least in the independent channels) (Dunne and Lusch 2007). The functions of retailers in the channel have been to assemble merchandise, maintain an inventory, price, promote, advertise, sell, and account for the merchandise, again as a service to the manufacturer and the ultimate consumer. Further, retailers have also provided a place for consumers to shop and find other services that might assist them in obtaining or using the available goods. The channel systems that have developed and, granted, have been improved over the years, have been built on some very basic beliefs about consumers, their needs and wants, and what they are willing to accept from channel members. It is these basic marketplace assumptions that are being challenged by direct and database marketers (Dunne and Lusch 2007). As was discussed earlier, technology and communication allow consumers to learn about and demand increasingly differentiated and even personalized products. As this occurs, the traditional economies of scale that have accrued to those manufacturers and retailers with extensive facilities and large sales volumes are no longer important in the marketplace. Smaller companies, using technology and direct and database marketing approaches, can compete not only effectively, but in many cases more efficiently than can large companies. As technology expands and sales-driven inventorying become

Survey of a Public Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Survey of a Public Building - Essay Example It is said that the building was presided by one Tower 42 and surpassed by the Shard London Bridge. The cost of the building then is said to have been ? 500 million (London Architecture, 2012). During the construction of the building, some prominent personalities were of the contrary opinion with the then prime minister Margret Thatcher opposing its construction. I. Identify and comment on the structure and construction of the various components, which make up the primary and secondary elements associated with your chosen building. From 1991 to 2010, one Canada square remained the tallest building in the city of London with 50 storey floors (Emporis, 2012). The with such magnificent features the building involved high level engineering works given the nature of the building in terms of height and the weight. The building utilized almost 16,000 pieces of steel used to constitute the exterior cladding and the structural frames of the building. Within the floor of the building, there is the composite construction that consists of the compact steel core that also involved the perimeter columns that surrounds the outer perimeter. 130 feet pyramid weighing 11 tons is also used to for the capping of the building (39.6 meters) (London Architecture, 2012). The building also prides of being the first to be clad in stainless steel. In this regard, the building consumed approximately 370,000 of the material Pattern Hyclad Cambric in square feet. The material is used to clad the entire building. The weight in metric tones that is used to make the building is 27,000 metric tons of steel reinforced by over 500,000 bolts (London Architecture, 2012). This is in the consideration of the whole building. There is also the lobby clad that is used in the building. The lobby clad is 11 meters (36 feet) high and about 90,000 square feet origin of the marble were imported from two countries Guatemala and Italy in the construction of the building (London Architecture, 2012). The buildin g’s foundation was reinforced with a number of stainless steel with motor and concretes to provide firm support for the buildings enormous weight. The stainless steels used in the building were all bolted for the required firmness of the building. Further protection of the steel was achieved by the use of mortar in-fill. The buildings floor area is 28,000 square feet. The building also has installed at the top a pyramid. The building is capable of handling about 108, 000 deliveries in a single year. Aircraft warning are also fitted in the building and flashes 40 times every minute (NCE, 2012). The picture above shows a cross section of the architectural design of the building’s wall, the position of the stainless steel used in the building can be seen in the figure. The integrated composite construction that constitute the floor and the steels that forms part of the wall were designed in such a manner to provide proper anchorage of the building owing to the mass of the materials used in the building and that of the pyramid at the top. The use of stainless steel was to provide the required strength and to eliminate the possibility of corrosion in the building. The steels connection are all done by use of fastening bolts for the provision of extra support. II. Give consideration to the period and date of the construction, the type of the dwelling, its expected design life at the time of construction and the state of its structural

Giving Guantanamo back to Cuba Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Giving Guantanamo back to Cuba - Case Study Example Though it is debatable, I am of the opinion that at some point we might have lost our goodwill. I have no doubt that the United States is after the well-being of humans worldwide, but that does not mean we ought to let our feet of the gas and take for granted the happenings at Guantanamo bay. I say so because for over a decade we have allowed our government to use duress in Guantanamo bay detention camp. For the first time in several, we have maintained hard line stands and consigned human dignity to oblivion. In my opinion, I think the key players who take part in the process of national decision-making have backed the wrong horse. This is because they have overtime watched with crossed hands the dismal conditions under which those who stay at the Guantanamo bay detention camp put up with on a daily basis. In handling this project description, I am going to assume the role of the Secretary of State and shed light on how I can address the issues raised by Jonathan M. Hansen in his article titled Give Guantanamo Back to Cuba. I am going to evaluate the best possible action mechanisms we can employ to put the issue to rest. At the same time, I am going to discuss the relationship between the courses of action with the aim of preserving our national interests. Supplementary to the above mentioned, I am going to take account of the possibility of handing over the leadership of Guantanamo bay Island to Cuba and weigh the consequences of such an action. Since its creation by the Congress in 1789, the State Department under the watchful eye of the Secretary of State has risen to become one of the most looked upon offices not only in the United-States but worldwide. As the Secretary of State, I would put into use my duty as the President’s prime advisor on US foreign policy and recommend the end to American rule at the Cuban based Guantanamo bay detention camp. I am convinced by far, that the closure of the Guantanamo bay detention camp shall enable the US to be the custodian of two of its most important national interests: values and international organization. I say so because those suspects detained at the camp are subjected to undignified treatment. For starters, those detained at the facility are still innocent and the prosecutors are still in the process of proving that they are responsible for the various crime charges they are facing (Air University, 2012). If recent statistics collected from the facility are anything to go by, then the fact that only one out of 172 detainees is put to trial is even more worrying. I would ensure the enactment of laws that leave the military, which is our main instrument of power at the facility with no choice but to ensure that they treat the suspects with honor and decency. I would bring to an end the physical abuse that t he suspects always go through. This is achievable by penalizing heavily those military officers who harm the captives (Air University, 2013). During the transition process, I would recommend information as an instrument of power. Information shall come out through proper guidance and counseling of the captives. Guidance and counseling is imperative because it enables the captives to know that there is hope amidst all the tribulations they face. Another reason as to why information as an instrument of power should be employed during transition is because, of the causes of death at the facility. Recent studies taken from the Guantanamo ba

Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay Example for Free

Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay Desdemona as a victim in The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is widely known for his famous plays, sonnets, and other works including the tragedy. In The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, many characters are unjustly victimized. Throughout the play, Othello’s wife, Desdemona, is a victim of many false statements that lead to her ultimate death. In the beginning, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, believes that Desdemona is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. As the play progresses, Othello, who is overcome with jealousy, falsely accuses Desdemona of having an affair with his lieutenant and best friend, Michael Cassio. After acquiring â€Å"proof† that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, Othello becomes so enraged to the point that he kills Desdemona. In conclusion, it is pretty obvious that Desdemona is unjustly victimized. In the beginning of the play, Brabantio believes that his daughter, Desdemona, is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. Because of this Desdemona has betrayed her father and she is said to be dead to him. Ay, to me. She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted  By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (Oth. 1. 3. 59-64) In this quote, Brabantio tells the Senators that Desdemona is dead to him because she married Othello. He is sure that Desdemona is either being tricked or drugged because there is no way she would make the mistake of not only marrying behind his back, but also marrying a black man. Shawn Smith states that from the moment Brabantio learned of his daughter’s marriage, he was not happy with Othello, accusing him of witchcraft. [Desdemona’s suffering] initially appears in Othello in a formal legal setting when, in the first act, Brabantio initiates a suit against his new son-in-law, accusing him of improperly obtaining the love of Desdemona† (13). During this suit, Brabantio discovers that Desdemona intended to marry Othello and that she was not under a spell; because of this, he disowns his own daughter. She is considered a victim in this situation not only because her father disowns her, but because she was falsely accused of being under a pell her husband created. As the play progresses, the dishonest Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with his best friend, Michael Cassio. At first Othello does not believe Iago, but after acquiring â€Å"proof,† he falsely accuses Desdemona of not being faithful. â€Å" . . . She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief/ Must be to loathe her† (Oth. 3. 3. 269-270). Because he thinks his wife is cheating on him, Othello believes that his only solution is to hate Desdemona, even though it will tear him apart. Desdemona is a victim in this scenario because she is being falsely accused of cheating on her husband. She can also be considered a victim because of words that she chooses throughout this act. After Othello fires Cassio from his position as lieutenant for being drunk and disorderly on the job, Desdemona promises that she will make sure Othello forgives and forgets. â€Å"He [Othello] now believes that Cassio has despoiled Desdemona, and for that he seeks the cuckolds vengeance. No longer the doubtful, frustrated falconer, he has become the convinced, determined avenger† (Carson 193). Othello is one hundred percent convinced that Desdemona is being unfaithful and he makes a rash decision to no longer be a trustworthy, loving husband, but rather a mean and vengeful man. Because she is stubborn with her words and actions, Othello mistakes her to be in love with Cassio. This does not work out for Desdemona in the end. Othello becomes so enraged and jealous at Cassio and Desdemona that he believes the only solution is to have Cassio killed and kill Desdemona himself. After â€Å"hearing† Cassio being murdered, he makes his way back to Desdemona’s chamber where he plans to strangle her in her sleep. Desdemona wakes up and after asking if she has said her prayers, Othello informs her of his plan. â€Å"Sweet soul, take heed,/ Take heed of perjury; thou art on thy death-bed† (Oth. 5. 2. 51-52). While he is in the act of killing her, Emilia, Desdemona’s attendant and friend, shows up. He lets her into the room and after she discovers the body of her mistress, she questions Othello as to who has murdered Desdemona. Othello replies, â€Å" . . . ‘Twas I that kill’d her† (Oth. 5. 2. 131). Shawn Smith paints a sad picture with his description of the reactions of playgoers and actors of Desdemona’s death. When Othello murders her, the horrible injustice of the act causes both the characters on the stage and playgoers, such as Henry Jackson, to be moved to pity her unmerited suffering† (7). Anyone who reads or watches the play will be moved with such an enormous amount of pity that they can’t help but see Desdemona as a victim under her horrifying husband, Othello. Desdemona can clearly be seen as a victim at the end of the play, not only because of all the false accusations made against her, but because of her murder. Throughout the play, Desdemona is a victim in many situations that lead to her ultimate death. Her father, Brabantio, believes that she is under the spell of Othello and after finding out that she willingly married him, he disowns her. Her own husband is overcome with jealousy made by false accusations and believes that she is cheating on him with his best friend. His jealousy and anger get so out of hand that Othello murders Desdemona in the end, not only because of the rumor, but because of her own words. If Desdemona had not been murdered, she would not be seen as a great victim. Her murder and the events leading up to it show that she is unjustly victimized throughout the entire play.

The Concept Of Just Punishment Philosophy Essay

The Concept Of Just Punishment Philosophy Essay In his paper A Non-utilitarian Approach to Punishment, H. J. McCloskey argues that a utilitarian account of punishment dictates unjust punishments which are unacceptable to the common moral consciousness (239). In your paper, (a) outline the argument McCloskey provides for this conclusion and (b) raise two objections to his argument. If you support his argument, then respond to the objections that you or other critics mount. The concept of a just punishment is captivating and is debated among many philosophers today. Punishment is defined as the intentional infliction of suffering on an offender for a moral or legal wrongdoing. In this essay I will go into great detail of McCloskeys article, and discuss how his argument that a utilitarian account of punishment is unjust and retributive theory is the only way punishment can be considered just. I will also introduce objections to McCloskeys theory that attempt to disprove that in order to justify punishment you have to connect punishment with moral wrongdoing, and the offender must get a punishment he deserves. I agree with McCloskeys argument, and will offer my opinion in responding to the arguments posed against his theory. To the average mind, punishment should generally be justified based on utilitarian grounds. It seems to make the most sense that satisfying the greater good is obviously relevant when determining which type of punishments should be inflicted. The question arises which punishments are just, and this must be answered before we can determine which punishments are morally permissible. Although crime is bad, a punishments purpose is to prevent it more so than cancel it. To punish crime is an imperfect state of affairs. Punishments such as whipping, imprisonment, and death are considered evils. Although crime is an evil and prosecutors deserve to be punished, these punishments need to be justified based on their utility. A society with no crime and no punishment is obviously better than one with both. McCloskey argues that good results come from punishment, because it is attempting to set a precedent not to commit the crime in the future which will cause the greater utility. Punishment is justified because it is useful as opposed to because society should be able to illustrate indignity towards the offender, or if one says the punishment cancels out the crime, or because as a human being himself, he has the right to be punished. H.J McCloskey says that these justifications are implausible in a way that utilitarian justification is not. He argues that morality of punishment is by a retributive theory, specifically the theory where evils should be distributed according to desert, and that the vicious deserve to suffer. Just punishment is deserved punishment. In order to deserved to be punished, the offender must have committed an offence that that a morally accepted as an offence. If an innocent man was being punished, this would definitely not be justified. Punishing a person not responsible for his behavior, such as a person with a mental problem would also be seen as unjust. Whether punishments actually work is irrelevant in determining if they are just or not. In the 18th century people were hung for shoplifting, where in todays life this would be considered severely unjust. According to utilitarians this type of outrageous punishment could only be permissible if it somehow turned out that it would achieve greater utility. Morality suggests that in order for punishment to be just, it has to be merited by the offence being committed. It must involve care in determining if the offender is truly responsible, and it implies a moderate punishment, that shouldnt be excessive. It should not surpass what fits the severity of the crime being committed. The point is that an outsider should be able to say that the person being punished deserved that type of punishment. One shouldnt say that good has come out of one being punished. It seems logical to say that the punishment was useful but not deserved, and deserved but not useful, and one cannot say that a punishment was solely undeserved. Unjust punishment is whether collective or scapegoat punishments that result in inefficient trial procedures, corrupt police methods, or mistaken tests, as is punishment for things that have nothing to do with the crime. Just punishment is one that fits a retributive theory. it points to a very important consideration in determ ining the morality of punishment (its justice) and explains what punishments are just, and why they are just. A utilitarian would say that any punishment, regardless of severity, would be just if in the long run it created greater utility for a greater number of people. Utilitarians dismiss appeals about moral consciousness that relate to ones emotional response. McCloskey disagrees with utilitarians in this sense. He argues that our moral consciousness gives us answers we don not accept as defensible after hard observation, and the judgments which we do accept after serious manifestation are the ones being appealed. Before a utilitarian questions this approach, he must ensure that he is secure from similar criticism. One could argue that a utilitarians would appeal the theory of utility is based on an uncritical emotional acceptance of what at first seems to be a moral principle, but after sever examination, could involve great evils. If a utilitarian were to argue that utilitarian ism does not involve unjust punishment, and the answer is that whether or not unjust punishments are useful, it is logical to think that at some point they will become useful, in which case a utilitarian is committed to. A utilitarian would argue that it could be necessary to punish a lunatic, mentally challenged person or an innocent person being framed as being guilty, which McCloskey and I do not agree with. If a person is not in control of his actions, he should not be punished for an offence he didnt know he was committing An objection to McCloskeys theory would be the utilitarian theory. Utilitarians only justify punishment after balancing the good and evil produced with the outcome. McCoslkey says that in order to justify punishment you have to connect punishment with moral wrongdoing. The offender must get a punishment he deserves. McCloskey brings up an example to justify his objection to the utilitarian theory. He uses an example of a town that has a racial conflict, and where a black man rapes a white woman, and riots, white mobs, and with the help of the police, killing of black men occur as a result. If a utilitarian were there he would convict the initial black rapist instantly, if he knows this will prevent the riots and killings, so as a utilitarian he has the duty to bear a false witness in order to punish the innocent person. A utilitarian only performs acts that bring about the most utility. McCloskey argues that it is not morally permissible to perform this kind of act, making the utilit arian justification incorrect. An innocent man should not be framed and punished for something he didnt do, regardless of what the outcome would be. Thus the retributive theory of punishment with its criterion of justice as an end in itself gives place to a theory which regards punishment solely as a means to an end, utilitarian or moral, according as the common advantage or the good of the criminal is sought.

Choice of Lifestyle in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awa

Choice of Lifestyle in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening One of many poignant themes in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening is Edna Pontellier’s fundamental choice of lifestyle -- the choice of dedication to the aesthete, the solitude of art (as represented by Mademoiselle Reisz), or devotion to the all-consuming task of becoming a domestic goddess (as Madame Ratignolle has done). Considered mutually exclusive not only by Chopin but by American society as a whole, the role of the housewife leaves little room for the serious pursuit of art. As evidenced in Helen Watterson Moody’s contextual document "The Artist and Marriage," "The woman must decided, then, whether to pursue her chosen art or to marry will make her happier." The plethora of demands of the successful artistic lifestyle, which includes near absolute concentration on one’s craft, the time and space to truly create, and the solitude needed to express one’s essential self simply was not compatible with nineteenth century ideals of domesticity. Edna Pont ellier, unwilling to submit to the relative asceticism of art and equally incapab...

Essay on Common Threads in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour

Common Threads in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour      Ã‚  Ã‚   In her article "Why I Wrote 'The Yellow Wallpaper,'" as it appeared in The Forerunner (1913), Charlotte Perkins Gilman candidly reveals her personal story of mental illness and her subsequent journey to wellness after she rejected the "expert" advice of her physician. She retells the story, with some embellishments, in her short story "The Yellow Wallpaper." Her own nervous breakdown and prescribed "rest cure," popular at the time, brought her close to "utter mental ruin." With some help from a friend, and using what resources were left to her, she began to write again, intending to use this story as a means of saving others from being driven crazy. "The Yellow Wallpaper" was published in May 1892, amid a flurry of rejections and protestations. Nevertheless, her story has been told, and I think there are many women who can relate to what she has experienced, to varying degrees.    Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, in "A Feminist Reading of Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper'" (818), identify the specialist as S. Weir Mitchell, a famous "nerve specialist" at that time. Gilman was forbidden to write until she was well, which, of course, was worse for her than her postpartum depression. The comparison in the story of "rings and things" in the nursery parallel feelings of being "locked away from creativity," and the gate at the top of the stairs in her upper story bedroom may be symbolic of her imprisonment.    In her short story, the enforced confinement prescribed by her physician husband brought her to a realization that she was imprisoned not only physically, but also in her mind and in her will. Ultimately he would not dominate her, and she ref... ... of dramatic irony. No one but the reader knew what heights Louise soared to and what depths of despair she plummeted to. That this story made such a big impact on me in only two pages shows how great a writer Kate Chopin really is. Works Cited and Consulted Bender, Bert.   Short Story Criticism.   Vol. 8.   Ed. Thomas Votteler.   Detroit:   Gale Research Inc., 1991. 64-65. Chopin, Kate.   â€Å"The Story of an Hour.†Ã‚   Literature:   Reading, Reacting, Writing. 3rd Ed.   Ed.   Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell.   Fort Worth:   Harcourt Brace, 1997. 70-72. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins.   â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper.†Ã‚   Literature: Reading, Reacting,Writing.   3rd Ed.   Ed. Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell.   Fort Worth:   Harcourt Brace, 1997. 160-172. Shumaker, Conrad.   Short Story Criticism.   Vol. 13.   Ed.   David Segal.   Detroit:   Gale Research Inc., 1993.   164-170

The Benefits of Vitamin E :: essays research papers

The benefits of vitamin E are now fairly well established. Out of a controversial past it has become clear that vitamin E plays important roles as an antioxidant, in your immune system, in preventing heart disease and even in helping prevent cancer. As if this wasn’t enough, the research continues into other beneficial effects that vitamin E may have. It’s not particularly easy to come by however meaning if you want to get all the benefits you probably should consider a supplement to your diet. Vitamin E has many uses. Vitamin E plays an important role as an antioxidant. This means that it is important in preventing the damaging effects of free radicals which are by-products of many normal body processes. Vitamin E can works alongside the other important antioxidants, vitamin C and beta-carotene. It is only relatively recently that the benefits of vitamin E in preventing heart disease have been well proven despite it being suspected since the 1940s. Studies have shown that taking regular vitamin E, either through diet or supplements can have quite dramatic effects to lower your risk of heart disease. In addition to it’s preventative effects, there have been other studies which have indicated that vitamin E can help stop the progression of heart disease which has already been established. Another way in which it acts is to help prevent severe blood clots which can in some cases be highly dangerous. So all around vitamin E can offer some great benefits against heart disease. It has been known for some time that vitamin E can boost the immune system. The antioxidant effects of vitamin E help the immune reaction, but in addition vitamin E works to protect cell membranes against being penetrated by attacking microbes. The idea that vitamin E might help prevent cancer came from observations that people with cancer often have low levels of vitamin E. So the question that needs answering is - does one cause the other? Do low levels of vitamin E make people more likely to develop cancer, or does having cancer cause your levels of vitamin E to drop? There is growing evidence that low levels of vitamin E do make you more likely to develop cancer. This is good news because we can do something about low levels of vitamin E – get more, and reduce our cancer risk. The antioxidant effects of vitamin E seem to be what is giving this protection. So far there is evidence of this effect in acting against colon, cervical and breast cancers and possibly lung cancer. Another benefit can come in patients who are receiving radiation therapy for cancer in whom vitamin E appears to help reduce the side effects of treatment. For normal nerve function vitamin E is essential.

Housing Discrimination

Allyson Jones Housing and Society Due: October 11, 2012 Dr. Joyner Housing, Neighborhoods and Health Disparities Corina Graif, PhD, RWJF Health & Society Scholar at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Many aspects of internal housing conditions are known to affect health. Limited but important evidence also exists on the health implications of the socio-spatial context of housing.For instance, fear of crime, crowding, neighborhood disadvantage, social exclusion, and residents’ social exchange are linked to cardiovascular and mental health, obesity, diabetes and low birth weight. In my dissertation work and related projects, I ask questions about the spatial context of neighborhood effects to investigate how the urban geography of inequality and cumulative spatial disadvantage shape the health and well-being of the inner-city poor.Several important questions about the neighborhood and spatial context aspect of housing remain critical to ask in our quest to understand and act on the constellation of factors shaping health outcomes: a) How do different spatially salient markers (such as nearby presence of crime hotspots; community health centers; daycare) interact with the neighborhood context in shaping health outcomes, employment, and health care. f) To what extent moving low income families to high quality neighborhoods increases or decreases their access to health related resources and critical social networks and jobs?Read more about Moving to Opportunity and how neighborhoods impact residents’ health. http://www. rwjf. org/en/blogs/human-capital-blog/2012/01/housing-neighborhoods-and-health-disparities. html RACIAL DISPARITY STILL HAUNTS HOUSING MARKET July 3, 2003 By Anders Hoerlyck IN THEORY, the American housing market is free and open. The report found that high-interest loans, many of which are illegal, are three times more likely in low- income neighborhoods than in high-income areas, and five times more likely in black neighborhoo ds than in white neighborhoods.HUD further noted that homeowners in high-income black neighborhoods are six times as likely as homeowners in upper-income white neighborhoods, and twice as likely as homeowners in low-income white neighborhoods, to have high- interest loans. Another study found that black homeowners receive less value for their homes than white homeowners. The study, which compared home values to homeowner incomes for owners of different ethnic and racial groups in the nation's 100 largest cities in 1990, found that, equalizing for income, black homeowners received 18 percent less value for their homes than white homeowners; white homeowners owned $2. 4 worth of house for every dollar of income, while black homeowners owned only $2. 16 worth of house. The study further revealed that the 18 percent gap imposed on black homeowners – the so-called segregation tax – primarily results from a high degree of racial segregation in neighborhoods. Working poor fac e shortage of affordable housing November 10, 1996 Consider Sam Brown of San Francisco, who pays more than two thirds of his monthly income to keep his family in housing.Housing officials estimate more than five million families are in dire straits when it comes to paying for a place to live. The affordable housing shortage has worsened as officials have torn down high rise tenements, characterizing them as warehouses for the poor. Some housing assistance programs have helped to ease the stress. http://articles. cnn. com/1996-11-10/us/9611_10_welfare. housing_1_affordable-housing-housing-assistance-programs-housing-officials-estimate? _s=PM:US Middle-income families facing housing shortageToday in America more than 3 million moderate income families have a critical housing need despite working the equivalent of a full-time job,† said Michael Stegman, one of the authors of the study, â€Å"Housing America's Working Families. â€Å"†The report was commissioned by the Cen ter for Housing Policy, a subsidiary of the National Housing Conference, which is a consortium of some 700 home builders and home lenders from across the country. http://articles. cnn. com/2000-06-02/us/housing. shortage_1_center-for-housing-policy-critical-housing-national-housing-conference? s=PM:US Housing at Risk AFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE †¢ June 2012 What you need to know about three key changes that could have a big impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing BY DONNA KIMURA AND CHRISTINE SERLIN Three key changes are poised to make a big impact on the preservation of existing affordable housing developments. These new moves two new programs and one policy change arrive at time when the affordable housing stock is shrinking. This amounts to nearly 60 percent of units with federal project-based rental assistance.Approximately 50,000 units are assisted under these programs, including about 25,000 units under the Mod Rehab program. Under the legislation, a demo nstration program has been created that allows certain public housing and Sec. 8 Moderate Rehab properties to voluntarily convert to a long-term Sec. 8 rental assistance as a means of preserving these units. They could convert to either a project-based rental assistance contract administered by HUD and be eligible for renewal under the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act or a project-based contract with a local public housing authority.As many as 60,000 units of public housing and Sec. 8 Mod Rehab housing may be converted under a competitive selection process. FHA PILOT PROGRAM Centerline Capital Group provided about $2 million in low-income housing tax credit equity. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) has recently launched a pilot program that aims to speed up the processing time for FHA-backed deals that use low income housing tax credits (LIHTCs). NONPROFIT SALES PROCEEDS During the 1960s and 1970s, HUD worked with nonprofits to finance thousands of pr operties under its mortgage insurance programs, including Sec. 21(d)(3), Sec. 231, and Sec. 236 of the National Housing Act. HUD reports that nonprofits own 39 percent of all Sec. 236 and 221(d) (3) properties with maturing mortgages. More than 700 of these properties have mortgages that will mature within the next 10 years, representing roughly 80,000 affordable housing units, including 42,000 with project-based rental assistance. Historically, there have been restrictions on nonprofit owners receiving proceeds from the sale of FHA-insured properties. ttp://www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2012/june/0612-special-focus-Housing-At-Risk. htm Growth through Low Income Housing Published on: Wednesday, October 31, 2007 Written by: Trista Winnie Low income housing makes housing more accessible for many families There is a common misconception that low income housing today is of the same quality as the low income housing projects of the past. This misconception is a hurdle that low in come housing developers and advocates have to work hard to overcome.Often, community members try to prevent low income housing from coming to their area, assuming that the stereotype that low income housing equals low quality housing is true. Low income residents have their own fears about property values. When planning a low income housing development within a community, â€Å"all kinds of fears come out,† Greer said. Mixed use projects, incorporating low income housing and retail, are gaining popularity Another way in which developers are gaining acceptance is through production of mixed income developments, rather than strictly low income developments. Affordable housing is a problem for every community because the cost of housing and the sale prices of houses are going up faster than incomes. † Low income housing developments that seek to be eligible for tax credits are required to be set aside as low income housing for a minimum of 30 years, according to the Danter Company. Financing is also available for other types of low income housing through programs such as tax credit allocations, partnerships, low interest loans, grants and donations. For more on the Hope VI program and other sources of low income housing financing, see our article on Financing Low Income Housing Projects. ) The rehabbing of rundown low income housing projects is just one avenue through which developers can be involved in low income housing, but it should serve as an overall notice for all investors that the low income housing industry is not a glamorous one. Communities and sources of funding both favor those who are experienced in low income housing. Competition for low-income housing funds is fierce. http://www. uwireinvestor. com/articles/low-income-housing-51313. aspx Housing discrimination â€Å"widespread† among disabled, immigrants, minorities, others May 07, 2012|Yvonne Wenger A survey of 549 community-based organizations suggests that housing discrimin ation is on the rise, particularly targeting disabled individuals, immigrants, minorities and families with children, according to the nonprofit Consumer Action. â€Å"Housing discrimination is all too alive and well in the United States today,† Ken McEldowney, executive director, Consumer Action, said in a statement.Forty-eight percent of surveyed organizations called housing discrimination very serious. Forty percent said housing discrimination has gone up in the last two years; 11 percent said discrimination has gone down. http://articles. baltimoresun. com/2012-05-07/business/bal-housing-discrimination-widespread-among-disabled-immigrants-minorities-others-20120504_1_housing-discrimination-minorities-and-families-baltimore-neighborhoods Report | September 2007 New Housing, Income Inequality, and Distressed Metropolitan AreasBetween 1970 and 2000, both distressed and non-distressed metropolitan areas with rapidly growing income inequality experienced rapidly growing reside ntial segregation by income. In distressed metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000, rising income segregation was associated with excess housing construction. In non-distressed metropolitan areas, there was no relationship between income segregation and excess housing construction. Rising income inequality and neighborhood income segregation accounted for 16 to 50 percent of new construction in distressed metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000.Policies that reduce income inequality can help reduce overbuilding and income segregation in distressed areas. http://www. brookings. edu/research/reports/2007/09/newhousing-watson The Links between Income Inequality, Housing Markets and Homelessness in California The housing market rapidly rising rents, the declining number of low-income rental units in the housing stock, and deceleration in federal housing programs. Homelessness in California John Quigley, Steven that growing income inequality working through homelessness.Income inequali ty has grown substantially Distribution of Income in California (1996). Of California’s income distribution suggests that there income distribution. Better-quality housing, enter the lower-quality market, and the resulting higher rents suggest very low incomes can no longer afford housing and are forced that affect homelessness associated with greater homelessness. The links between income inequality and homelessness, income in a number of locations higher and incomes move lower), the greater the incidence of homelessness response to changes in income distribution.Decrease the average income of households in the lowest fifth increases in the homeless population. Policy Interventions which policy interventions in the housing market can lower homelessness rates one trend in federal programs built housing rates on lower-quality housing to encourage landlords to of income (currently 30 percent) in units available on the study uses simulation models to explore how homelessness und er Section 8) to all low-income households, targeted â€Å"barely-standard† housing, and a general maintenance subsidy the landlord programs maintenance program.The demand for and price of the lowest-quality housing, forcing out the lowest-income renters responses identified above would go to low-income households to make low-quality housing more affordable and thereby, Section 8 program and by compensating local governments very low end of the housing stock. www. ppic. org/main/publication. asp? i=211 Claudio Frischtak Benjamin R. Mandel Crime, House Prices, and Inequality: The Effect of UPPs in Rio January 2012 Residential property prices are an important gauge of economic conditions writ large.Property’s location determinants of house prices can alter the level and dispersion of household wealth connection between crime and house prices. Document the relationship between crime and house prices. Distributional consequences of removing the public bad of crime; that is , the removal of crime the degree of overall inequality among property values. Crime rate a dynamic model of property valuation. Our empirical work will show that decreasing crime does, in fact, benefit lower valued properties disproportionately, reducing the inequality among properties.House prices for the city of Rio de Janeiro since 2008. Both homicides and robberies coefficient measures the level of inequality of house prices across Rio’s neighborhoods. It objective of crime reduction residential property prices in Rio’s formal housing market, as well as on homicide and robbery rates in each of Rio’s neighborhoods, we formally test the hypotheses that Neighborhoods closer to a UPP station experienced larger than average decreases in crime and larger than average increases in house prices after the UPP was put into place.Prices increased by an average of 5-10 percent, homicides decreased by an average of 10-25 results to construct counterfactual price and cri me rates and, with those, city-wide statistics. We note that since we do not observe house prices skyrocketing residential property prices in the formal housing markets surrounding the favelas. Having established that the UPPs influenced crime and house prices in opposite directions house prices. Returns to crime reduction; this implies that properties with either high initial crime rates or current property values.This treatment of the dynamic transmission of crime rates into house prices is quite duration of crime rates in the past; lower initial crime rates with low historical duration gives rise to the biggest increases in price when the crime rate declines. Implementation of the UPP policy counterfactual house prices described above shows that the disparity in house prices across Dispersion in property prices within those neighborhoods narrowed, suggesting that even change in the crime rate.Works identifying the impact of crime and violence on property prices, with the paper by exploit both spatial and temporal variation in crime data to identify the effect on house prices, persistence of historical crime rates. The present study uses more disaggregate price data, at on the implications of crime for the dispersion of house prices. First draw connection between crime reduction and wealth inequality. Our empirical measurement of the crime elasticity of house prices is connected to a crime rate as exogenous, which ay have biased the elasticity estimates if, for example, crime occurs disproportionately in poorer neighborhoods with low property values or, conversely, if criminals target areas with higher-priced homes. (2009) found 12 instances in of a set of 18 empirical studies relating house prices and crime variation around an exogenous policy experiment, the UPPs in Rio to historical crime rates or the levels of property prices is a reasonable instrument for the effect of crime on house prices. www. newyorkfed. org/research/staff_reports/sr542.Housing and inequalities in health Professor Hoyden-Chapman The existence of debilitating inequalities in health across social groups has become the first law of public health. People privileged by more education, income, the dominant ethnicity, higher status jobs, and housing standards, have better health than those with less education and income, minority ethnicity, lower status jobs, and poorer housing. Focusing on housing and neighborhood improvements have historically been key policy instruments to improve population health.Housing tenure has been associated with health in a number of studies—those who rent their houses appear to have poorer health than those who own their houses even after controlling for age, gender, and education. 5Housing for most households is their largest monthly expenditure and housing costs in the survey were related to health. The psychosocial aspects of housing such as pride in a house and neighborhood showed an association with health status only before controlling for other variables.Several multilevel studies have shown that some neighborhoods are indeed bad for people's health. 6Surveys to explore new associations and intervention studies to test causal links between housing and health are important. The social and economic aspects of housing, and the lack of it, continue to play an important part in generating inequalities in health. http://jech. bmj. com/content/56/9/645. full Green Building Saves $$$ Developers open their books to show low operating costs at green properties BY BENDIX ANDERSONAFFORDABLE HOUSING FINANCE †¢ April 2008 Thanks to these energy savings, the reserve accounts of the 600 green affordable apartments in the portfolio of Homestead Capital are an average 36 percent larger than the rest of Homestead's affordable portfolio. The apartments were built to a variety of green standards. Early operating data from the green portfolio of Enterprise Community Partners, Inc. , shows energy savings of up to 40 pe rcent, compared to properties built to the standards of local building codes.Of course, the biggest energy savings are at projects built to the toughest green standards. Denny Park also meets the demanding standards set by Enterprise for its Green Communities investments. It cost Denny Park's owners, the Seattle-based Low Income Housing Institute (LIHI), a total of $1,000 per apartment in utility expenses to operate Denny Park in 2007, from electricity to hot water to trash pickup. That's as much as $200 per apartment lower than the utility costs at LIHI's other affordable properties.Conserving water green developers and investors also report steep savings on their water bills, which are 35 percent to 40 percent less on average than water costs at comparable properties, according to information from the portfolio of green properties in Enterprise's Green Communities Initiative. Denny Park racked up savings, with water and sewer costs of $188 per resident, compared to $235 and $322 p er resident at LIHI's comparable properties. Saving water also helps keep the hot water heating costs down.Denny Park's hot water bill was just $133 per apartment in 2007, roughly a quarter less than at LIHI's comparable properties. It cost $102 per apartment to haul trash away from Denny Park in 2007. Green projects have low turnover Tenants are also less likely to move out of green affordable housing properties, according to developers. Many residents appreciate the improved air quality at green building projects, said Oberdorfer. http://www. housingfinance. com/ahf/articles/2008/apr/FOCUSGREENBUILDINGSAVES0408. htm Towns get new deadline for affordable housing July 01, 2004Last year, the General Assembly passed the Affordable Housing Planning and Appeal Act, which encourages municipalities with less than 10 percent affordable housing to develop a plan to increase that percentage. http://articles. chicagotribune. com/2004-07-01/news/0407010376_1_municipalities-towns-percentage-poi nts HUD program to target jobs for poor residents November 23, 1993|By Eric Siegel | Eric Siegel, Staff Writer Baltimore will serve as a pilot program for a national effort to channel more federal housing funds toward low-income residents and minority businesses, officials announced yesterday.HUD also promised stricter enforcement of the so-called â€Å"Section 3† requirement, part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968. â€Å"HUD estimates the federal money could support 300 low-income jobs in the city. City housing officials could not immediately say how much of the federal housing money the city receives goes to fulfilling the Section 3 requirement. Of 85 city residents hired to renovate units at Cherry Hill Homes, 26 were public housing residents, they said. http://articles. baltimoresun. com/1993-11-23/news/1993327087_1_public-housing-residents-federal-housing-housing-and-urban Census: housing disparities continueBy Brandt Williams Minnesota Public Radio Septe mber 17, 2002 For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket. Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics.American Indians have the lowest statewide median home value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the state's largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000. Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. ttp://news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/200209/17_williamsb_censushousing Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May; 113(5): A310–A317 PMCID: PMC1257572 Environews Focus Dwelling Disparities: How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health For most Americans, the value of their home is their prime source of wealth. During the 1990s, a booming economy and buyer-friendly housing market helped many Minnesotans build thousands of dollars in home equity. They were able to buy at low prices and watch the value of their homes skyrocket.Goetz says home values remain lower in those neighborhoods than in predominantly white areas, where the demand for homes is higher. Census figures show the statewide median home value for African Americans is $106,000, which is slightly higher than for Hispanics. American Indians have the lowest statewide median ho me value, at $78,000. Asian American home values remain slightly higher than that of whites. In Hennepin County, home of the state's largest concentration of people of color, African American home values are the lowest at $103,000.Goetz says this gap in home values will feed future economic gaps between whites and people of color, because home equity is passed on from generation to generation. In 1990, white home values were 3 percent higher than those of Hispanics and 6 percent higher than for African Americans. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257572 Disparities in Risk To a large extent, disparities in health and access to care among minorities reflect disparities in socioeconomic status. The fact that minority populations on average are poorer than whites underlies many health disparities.Health insurance coverage and access to preventive care play a major role in determining health outcomes. Although insurance coverage improves access to health care, minority ch ildren have less access to primary medical care than white children, even after accounting for differences in insurance coverage, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Inadequate routine and preventive care increases a child’s incidence and burden of disease. Hospitalization for asthma generally is avoidable if the disease is well managed.Poverty, substandard housing, inadequate access to health care, lack of education, and failure to adequately control asthma with medication all contribute to asthma episodes and deaths. Ethnic minorities also experience poorer cancer survival rates than whites. According to the American Cancer Society, cancer mortality rates are 40 percent higher for African-American men than white men. Efforts to eliminate health disparities are underway both nationally and locally. NIEHS and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have supported several urban asthma studies. Many states also have created offices addressing min ority health.The HHS OMH funds health projects conducted by minority community and national organizations, maintains minority health consultants in HHS Regional Offices, and operates a Resource Center on minority health issues. The National Institutes of Health also has a National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities to coordinate research, training, and outreach programs surrounding health disparities. Due to the strong link between socioeconomic status and health disparities, programs designed to improve the socioeconomic status of minorities also could help to reduce health disparities.Focusing on properties that pose the greatest health risks, which are overwhelmingly older, low-income, and in substandard condition, will yield the greatest improvement in health outcomes and address the striking health disparities borne by low-income and minority families. http://www. afhh. org/ifc/ifc_disparities. htm A growing number allege unfair treatment in housing market| Update d 9/29/2007 | Nearly 40 years after a national law banned housing discrimination, an increasing number of complaints are alleging unfair treatment of minorities, the disabled, families and other groups.The Department of Housing and Urban Development and housing assistance agencies logged 10,328 complaints last year, a 12% jump from 2005. Between 2002 and 2006, seven states and the District of Columbia averaged more than 10 housing discrimination complaints per 100,000 housing units, according to the GNS analysis. The average state rate was 7. 6 complaints per 100,000 units. The 1968 Fair Housing Act, amended in 1988, bans discrimination in the housing market based on disability, race, sex, national origin, religion, skin color or whether a family has children.Reasons for the growing number of discrimination complaints vary, housing officials say. Agency's performance criticized Last year, 36% of the complaints to HUD were settled. Federal officials and fair housing advocates say it' s difficult to know whether housing discrimination is on the rise in a particular area. Private housing groups also get complaints that aren't included in the data. †¢ In almost one third of counties, no housing discrimination complaints were filed with HUD or its contract agencies between 2002 and 2006. †¢ Housing discrimination complaints related to disability are as common as those related to race.Nationally, disability-related cases accounted for 40% of complaints filed with HUD and its contract agencies last year. Race-related complaints accounted for 39%. Housing experts expect disability complaints to climb as the nation's population ages and older Americans better understand their housing rights. Last year, HUD dismissed 40% of complaints, citing lack of evidence. One reason may be that housing discrimination today can be subtler. HUD must investigate discrimination complaints within 100 days. http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2007-09-28-housing-main_N. htm

Brazilian Racial Politics Essay

The reading provided, extracted from Orpheus and Power by Michael George Hanchard, critiques the Race vs. Class Paradigm that is widespread in the Brazilian society. By weaving together some works of the more renowned analysts and sociologists of the topic, he highlights two main things: firstly, the salient points of their claims and secondly, the faults in their arguments. By comparing and contrasting two schools of thought on the issue, Class-based and Structuralist, he points out certain weaknesses and the glaring irreconcilability of such thought when applied to the trends in Brazilian economic society. The subject of Race and Class and their contributions into creating a society wherein oppression has been structured into policy has fueled many debates, much of them still ongoing. While there has not been any theoretical consensus reached, a characteristic that is always attendant in the field of academia, there is however, a fortunate by-product in that it has broadened the body of current knowledge to embrace other topics into the discussion such as modes of production and social inequality. It is also interesting to note that the post-World War II era, as represented by the works of Oliver Cox and Stanley Greenberg, show the minimum agreement between scholars that race, at the very least, plays cuts an integral figure in structuring the oppressive social inequality. This makes for a broader, richer and more interesting scholarly debate. Hanchard begins the comparison with a discussion on Economic Determinism and the study of the Negro population in Brazilian society through the written work of one Florestan Fernandes, Democracia Racial. Fernandes describes the relationship between the â€Å"White elites† and the â€Å"Negroes† in Brazilian society as a situation where the former â€Å"limit themselves to treating the Negro with tolerance, maintaining the old ceremonial politeness in inter-racial relationships and excluding from this tolerance any true egalitarian feeling or content. † (Hanchard 32) By articulating the â€Å"hegemonic position† of the White population over the Black one, he more than hinted at the absence of racial democracy in Brazilian society. Fernandes’ analyzed the racial interaction of the society a pivotal time in economic Brazilian history. The importance of his written work may largely be attributed the perfect timing of it. His deconstructions and analysis of Brazilian society then, through interviews and the gathering of empirical data, did much to further the study of Brazilian racial relations. Moreover, his role and significant importance to the field is further underscored by the fact that he was the first to analyze the linkage between race and class in the context of Brazilian socio-economic development. He claimed that the Brazilian Blacks were â€Å"exploited both during and after slavery by uncaring whites†. However, in a turn-about, he concludes that the Afro-Brazilian is â€Å"dysfunctional, suffering from anomie, hopelessness and immorality† and lacked a sense of discipline and responsibility that made them pale in comparison to Italian immigrants for competition in the labour markets. Hanchard, however, took issue with this particular conclusion and rebutted by emphasing the failure of Fernandes’ missed or misappreciated the important fact that the intervention of big landowners and government officials played a crucial role in creating a marketplace that preferred Southern European immigrants. In essence, Fernandes’ approach fails is that his discussion of the Negro social movement was confined to issues of racial inequality where race itself was autonomous and not an economic variable nor indicator. George Reid Andrews, by using an approach offered by Greenberg, refutes Fernandes’ claims and forwards his own. Andrews’ approach fares better than the previously discussed one of Fernandes’ to the extent that he explored the â€Å"collusion between the state government and landowners to foster economic development† by subsidizing European immigration creating a rocky playing field where the Blacks were the destined losers. He then claims that although slavery played the role of a detrimental catalyst in Brazilian socio-economic development, it is but one of many factors to the displacement of Afro-Brazilian workers. He considered state intervention more critical in that policy itself structured the economic oppression by the doling out of development funds in a very preferential treatment to European immigrant workers. Thus, he introduced a very important aspect into the debates; that of the material dimension of race and how it structures state policies. At this junction, the theoretical wars began to include a different perspective: Structuralist. As the third generation of race relations, this school of thought rebuts and debunks the racial democracy myth proposed by their predecessors. Carlos Hasenblag and Nelson Do Valle Silva are two of the most prominent figures in this approach that does not treat race and class as being on opposing ends of the same spectrum but rather they situated racial inequality at the very heart of socio-economic relations and the development and trends of the labour market. Harchand, however, critically points out that although there was a discussion of racial inequality, there was virtually no explanation offered how such inequality id politically constructed or even contested. â€Å"Despite the conceptual differences between the Reductionists and Structuralists, the tendencies seemed to concur about one crucial dimension of Brazilian race relations; a dimension that seemed to distinguish Afro-Brazilians from their US counterparts: a lack of collective awareness of themselves as a subordinated racial group. † (Hanchard 41) By analyzing the theories at hand, one thing is clear: the need for a better-tailored conceptual framework to be used as a guide for racially equal policy making. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1. In an effort to stop the mentality of finger-pointing to the dominant white, what has the different Afro-Brazilian social movements done, or at least attempted to bring about, in order to correct the racial inequality with regard to economic policy and labour markets? 2. What are some concrete state policies, like the Black Economic Empowerment Movement of South Africa, that can correct this historical injustice?

Rate of Vaporization Design Lab Essay

How does changing the surface area of a sample of water affect the time taken for the water to boil? Background: By changing the containers of the water, the surface area of the water is thus being modified as the same volume of water is spread out over smaller or larger surfaces. The measure being compared is the time each sample of water will take before it reaches the boiling point, 100 CÂ °. The relationship between the surface area and this amount of time will be determined by comparing the circular area of each container to the time. The independent variable manipulated in this lab is surface area, which will be varied by filling the water into different sized containers. The dependent variable being measured is the time taken to boil in seconds. This will therein tell us the rate of boiling, a measure of the rate of vaporization. Variables that must be controlled while performing this experiment include the temperature of the water and the volume of the water. Materials: – petri dish – test tube – 80 mL beaker – 300 mL beaker – graduated cylinder – 5 50 mL samples of distilled water – Bunsen burner – metal ring stand – thermometer – stopwatch Method 1. Measure in cm the radius of each the petri dish, test tube, graduated cylinder, and two beakers. Calculate the area of each. 2. Pour 50 mL of distilled water into petri dish. Repeat for test tube, graduated cylinder, 80 and 300 mL beakers. 3. Set up Bunsen burner and metal ring stand. Place petri dish with distilled water on metal ring stand. Place thermometer in petri dish. 4. Turn on gas / Bunsen burner. Start stopwatch. 5. Measure with stopwatch the time it takes until the thermometer reads 100Â ° C (boiling point of water). Record this time. 6. Repeat steps 1 – 5 four more times. 7. Repeat above procedure using the test tube, graduated cylinder, and two beakers.

Merits and Demerits of Shakespeare

Merits and Demerits of Shakespeare In Preface to Shakespeare, Johnson has shown the merits and demerits of Shakespeare based on the plays he has edited. Here he gives the readers some sound ideas about the virtues and faults of Shakespeare. That Shakespeare's characters have am interaction with nature and that his works have a universal appeal are the major assertions of Johnson in favour of Shakespeare's merits and what he says about the demerit of Shakespeare is that Shakespeare tries more to please his audience than to instruct them which is a serious fault because it is always a writer's duty to make the world morally better.However, what Johnson has seen as the merits and demerits of Shakespeare are given below: Merits of Shakespeare: At first Johnson explicates Shakespeare's virtues after explaining what merit can be determined by the Shakespeare's enduring popularity. He proceeds thence to elevate Shakespeare as the poet of nature. â€Å"Nothing can please many, and please lo ng, but just representations of general nature† (7). He says, â€Å"Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life†. 8). Again he says that Shakespeare's characters â€Å"are the genuine progeny of common humanity † In the writings of other writers , a character is too often an individual but a character of Shakespeare has a universal appeal, and his characters are the representatives of the common people. Moreover Shakespeare is a prophet figure and from his writings we find the ideas of worldly wisdom and the principles which are of value in society and at home. He says, â€Å"from his works may be collected a system of civil and economical prudence. (9) Again he says that by writings Shakespeare brings out the whole sphere of life. Moreover his heroes are like common human beings. And the qualities that are found in Shakespearean heroes can be found in every human being. As he says , â€Å"Shakespeare has no heroes; his scenes are occupied only by men, who act and speak as the reader thinks that he should himself have spoken or acted on the same occasion† (13) In his characterization and dialogue, Shakespeare â€Å"overlooks the casual distinction of country and condition,† striking at the center of humanity (15).The nature captured by Shakespeare's characters is exhibited in the â€Å"ease and simplicity† of their dialogues (10) Indeed, Johnson points out, the distinctions of character stressed by such critics as Voltaire and Rymer impose only artificial burdens on the natural genius of Shakespeare. He lays an enormous stress on Shakespeare's adherence to general nature. He states: â€Å"Shakespeare always makes nature predominate over accident; and if he preserves the essential character, is not very careful of distinctions superinduced and adventitious.His story requires Romans or kings, but h e thinks only on men. â€Å"(15) Johnson goes further in his defense of the Bard's merit, extending his argument from the characters within his plays to the genre of the plays themselves. In the strictest, classical sense of the terms, Johnson admits, Shakespeare's works cannot be fairly called comedies or tragedies. For this too, his plays earned harsh criticism from Johnson's contemporaries. Johnson, though, sees in the mixture of sorrow and joy a style which â€Å"approaches nearer than either to the appearance of life† (20).Demerits of Shakespeare: His praise for Shakespeare, which centers on the Bard's sublunary approach to character, dialogue, and plot, does not blind him to the poet of nature's weaknesses. Johnson airs Shakespeare's imperfections without hesitance. In doing so, though, he does not weaken his arguments; he simply establishes his credentials as a critic. As Edward Tomarken points out, â€Å"for Johnson, criticism requires, not intrusive sententiae, but evaluative interpretations, decisions about how literature applies to the human dilemma† (Tomarken 2).Johnson is not hesitant to admit Shakespeare's faults: his earlier praise serves to keep those flaws in perspective. Even without that perspective, however, Johnson's censure of Shakespeare is not particularly harsh. For the most part, Johnson highlights surface- level defects in the Bard's works: his â€Å"loosely formed† plots, his â€Å"commonly gross† jests, and- most ironically-his â€Å"disproportionate pomp of diction and a wearisome train of circumlocution† (Johnson 34, 35). The most egregious fault Johnson finds in Shakespeare, though, is thematic.Unsurprisingly, Johnson exhibits emphatic distaste for Shakespeare's lack of moral purpose. Johnson argues that he † He sacrifices virtue to convenience, and is so much more careful to please than to instruct, that he seems to write without any moral purpose † (33). In leading â€Å"his per sons indifferently through right and wrong† and leaving â€Å"their examples to operate by chance,† Shakespeare has abandoned his duty as an author as the righteous Johnson would have that duty defined (33). This is, in his eyes, Shakespeare's greatest flaw, though it does not supercede his other merits.Shakespeare's plots, he says, are often very loosely formed and carelessly pursued. He neglects opportunities of giving instruction or pleasure which the development of the plot provides to him. He says, â€Å"The plots are often so loosely formed, that a very slight consideration may improve them, and so carelessly pursued, that he seems not always fully to comprehend his own design. † (34). Again he says that in many of his plays, the latter part does not receive much of his attention. This charge is certainly true.The play of Julius Caesar clearly shows a decline of dramatic interest in its second half. He says, â€Å"It may be observed, that in many of his pl ays the latter part is evidently neglected. When he found himself near the end of his work, and, in view of his reward, he shortened the labour, to snatch the profit. â€Å"(35) Next, Johnson considers Shakespeare's style and expression. According to him there are many passages in the tragedies over which Shakespeare seems to have laboured hard, only to ruin his own performance.The moment Shakespeare strains his faculties, or strains his inventive powers unnecessarily, the result is tediousness and obscurity. However, Johnson adopts purely a neo-classical point of view which emphasizes the didactic purpose of literature as much as its pleasing quality. In this respect we can't agree with Johnson's condemnation of Shakespeare. Because all that we can expect from an artist is that he should give us a picture of life as he sees it.

The End of Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The End of Privacy - Research Paper Example The authorities have been involved in securing and establishing policies to minimize incremental advantages from such information. However, the ambivalence one experiences due to advance technology is quite right. Such technological tools do advent human kind, but they are also a main reason to erode personal privacy (Tavani, 162). Surveillance cameras, sensors, recording devices, monitors have the capability to store large amount of data. These day to day technological tools may seem inevitable due to the ease and security they have produced for the mankind, but they have also posed a threat towards the civil liberty and personal privacy of many. Although, violation of internet privacy is not an easy task, but hackers all around the world have obtain techniques to extract encrypted and encoded data. However, these technological shortcomings can only be resolved by the same mean (Buchanan,817). However, there are two main concerning aspects which USA government is trying to resolve t o its best. The obtainment of personal information by FBI for national security purposes and the emphasis individuals are exerting on the privacy of their information. Another security concern is possessed by the World Wide Websites through their ‘tracking cookies’, which get stored on the hard drive and extract personal information of the user (Dubrawsky, 38). ... ce, several bills have been presented before the Congress to retrieve this encrypted information for the national security means, as the security of state is integral than the privacy of few individuals. The key to decode such encrypted information is thus, a civil and humanistic right to the information possessor. Such encrypted information is mainly possessed by a firm or a contractor if he shares it with government then he violates the right of his clients, which is also a breach of law. Hence, it is an utmost priority of the law enforcement firms to responsibly obtain information, which could potentially lead to a threat and not to violate the confidentiality of an individual or organisation. Basic internet threat protection can be attained from firewall and anti- viruses. These software keep the privacy options of one’s PC high and do not let the pop-ups viruses and spywares to intrude or store information on one’s hard drive. The later changes the configuration of PC without the users consent. Therefore, it is much more detrimental than the former one (Caruso,1). Banks, Credit Card companies, Government agencies gather personal information of the client or public and store it in their database. Hence, this personal information given out to such firms can be exploited by the receiver. For instance, if an individual fills out a bank loan form he will insert all his personal information from family structure to preferences and potential worthy items (Liberti, 4057). However, this happens rarely, but information given out on World Wide Web is particularly detrimental for the donor. If such information is given out to a wrong or fraudulent source it can lead to maximum loss. It can all began from junk emails to pop up items and eventually it can lead to

Compare and Contrast 2 Quality Management Theories Research Paper

Compare and Contrast 2 Quality Management Theories - Research Paper Example The basic contention behind the implementation of either Six Sigma or lean techniques is to increase the output from existing processes and methods. It must be taken to note that Six Sigma applies more to bolstering output by removing causes behind defects through the implementation of measurement and statistical techniques (Tennant, 2001). On the other hand, lean techniques consist largely of methods that are aimed at improving processes by looking at existing loopholes and reacting accordingly (Taylor, 2008). Need for Lean Techniques and Six Sigma in the Healthcare Sector Lean techniques are not based in large part on quantification unlike Six Sigma that dwells on quantifying defects for their removal and noting process improvement levels. In recent years, both Six Sigma and lean techniques have been used increasingly in the healthcare sector to deal with existing and emerging challenges. The increasing cost of healthcare and visits to doctors have meant that it is required to opti mize healthcare access costs through the application of Six Sigma and lean techniques. However, it must also be kept in mind that healthcare applications involve critical assessments that might end up with permanent damage to the patient’s health or might even result in a fatality (DelliFraine, Langabeer, & Nembhard, 2010). In such a case, the advantage of applying either Six Sigma or lean techniques is removed altogether as the customer is effectively permanently damaged or removed from the service list. On another note, it must be considered that the failure of Six Sigma or lean techniques in the manufacturing, services or other sectors may result in nothing more than another defect not involving loss to human beings. However, in the case of the healthcare industry, any failure of the Six Sigma or lean techniques regime could possibly lead to a human fatality which is not desirable. Therefore, the application of either Six Sigma or lean techniques requires differentiation b etween critical and non-critical applications in the healthcare sector. Requirements of Quality Management Philosophy in the Healthcare Sector The healthcare industry effectively requires a technique that is not harmful to the customers. In case that Six Sigma is applied to the healthcare industry, it would involve taking measurements as a vital method of producing baselines and quantifying output levels to see how processes have improved. As far as the manufacturing sector is concerned, Six Sigma is effective because the same manufacturing processes are being repeated to manufacture the end product. The continuous nature of the measurement ensures that Six Sigma can be applied across the board to the entire organization. Even if the services industry is considered, it becomes clear that similar end services are being provided to customers resulting in insightful measurements for Six Sigma improvements. However, the case of the healthcare sector is altogether different since any hea lthcare organization is servicing customers with multiple differentiated needs at the same time. For example, the same hospital could be dealing with emergency trauma patients as well as with cardiovascular disease patients. The wide range of processes required to satisfy the end customer do not favor Six Sigma for measurement in the healthcare sector (Taner & Sezen, 2007). Six Sigma In the case of the